Trial-and-error theory: It is believed that the process of learning is a process of establishing a connection between stimulus and response, which is formed by blindly trying-gradually reducing mistakes-and then trying.
Preparation rate, practice rate and effect method
(1) Preparation Law: Before entering a certain learning activity, if the learner makes a good preparation response (including physical and psychological) related to the corresponding learning activity, the learner can master the learning content more freely. ?
(2) Practice: For a certain connection that learners have formed, repeating this reaction correctly in practice will effectively enhance this connection.
(3) Law of Effect: All kinds of positive or negative feedback that learners get in the learning process will strengthen or weaken some connection that learners have formed in their minds. The effect rule is the most important learning rule.
2. Pavlov
Classical conditional theory
(1) conditioned reflex: reflex is the basic way of nervous system activity, and it is a regular response of the body to internal and external stimuli through the nervous system. Reflection is generally divided into two categories: unconditional reflection and conditional reflection. Unconditional reflex: it is a kind of reflex inherited by human beings and animals, which can be learned without learning, also called instinct.
Conditioned reflex: it is a kind of reflex that humans and animals get after learning.
Conditioned reflex is divided into a first signal system and a second signal system. The first signal system: Any physical conditioned stimulus that can cause conditioned response is called the first signal system. Second signal system: any conditioned stimulus mediated by language that can cause conditioned response is called second signal system.
(2) The basic law of classical conditioned reflex
(1) gain and attenuation
The acquisition of conditioned reflex refers to the process of matching conditioned stimulus (such as bell) with unconditional stimulus (such as food) repeatedly, so that conditioned stimulus can obtain signal meaning, that is, the process of establishing conditioned reflex.
The regression of conditioned reflex means that after conditioned reflex is formed, if there is no unconditional stimulus, conditioned stimulus will appear repeatedly, and conditioned response will become weaker and weaker and eventually disappear. ?
② Stimulate generalization and differentiation.
Stimulation generalization means that once people and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli can also induce their conditioned responses.
Stimulation differentiation refers to making organisms learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression.
Experiment: the dog's bell ringing experiment. Pavlov found that when dogs eat food, they will secrete saliva, which is a natural physiological reaction without learning. This reaction is called unconditional reflex, and the stimulus that causes this reaction is food. This stimulus is called unconditional stimulus.
If the dog rings the doorbell every time he eats, after a while, the dog will salivate as long as he hears the bell. This is because the bell, as a neutral stimulus, is associated with unconditional stimulus and becomes a conditioned stimulus, and the saliva secretion caused by it is a conditioned reflex, which is later called "classical conditioned reflex".
3. Skinner
Operating condition theory?
There are two kinds of human and animal behaviors: reaction behavior and operation behavior. Reaction behavior is caused by specific stimuli, which is a non-reflective reaction and the research object of classical conditioned reflex. Operation behavior is mainly restricted by reinforcement law.
Reinforcement is an operation that changes the probability of similar reactions in the future. Enhancers are stimuli whose appearance or removal can increase the probability of reaction.
Theoretical points: reinforcement principle (reinforcement, punishment, regression)?
Experiment: A puzzle experiment for mice?
4. Bandura
Social learning theory
Observe and learn?
(1) Bandura believes that individuals, environment and behavior are mutually determined factors, and they are interdependent.
This influence is mutual. Emphasize the interaction of behavior, cognition and environment in the process of social learning. ?
(2) Bandura believes that human learning is mainly observation learning.
Observational learning, also known as alternative learning, refers to a person who obtains some new reactions or corrects the original behavioral reactions by observing others and their reinforcement results. In this process, learners, as observers, have no explicit operations. ?
(3) Bandura divides reinforcement into three forms, namely direct reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement and self-reinforcement.
(1) Direct reinforcement means that the observer is strengthened by expressing observation behavior.
(2) vicarious reinforcement means that the observer is strengthened because he sees the behavior of the role model being strengthened.
Self-reinforcement means that people can observe their own behavior and judge according to their own standards, thus strengthening or punishing themselves. ?
Experiment: Bobo doll experiment
Extended data:
Behaviorists believe that learning is the connection between stimulus and response, and their basic assumption is that behavior is the learner's response to environmental stimulus. They regard the environment as a stimulus and the accompanying organism behavior as a response. All behaviors are learned.
The application of behaviorism learning theory in school education practice requires teachers to master the methods of shaping and correcting students' behaviors, create an environment for students, strengthen students' appropriate behaviors as much as possible, and eliminate inappropriate behaviors.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Behaviorism Learning Theory
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