Reading Nineteenth Zagreb is quite a feeling of seeing each other for a long time. When you open the catalogue, you can see such chapters: scientific reading, paper specification, questioning, information card, indexing, reading and doing research can be found here, and each chapter explains scientific academic norms and methods in detail. For example, in About Scientific Reading, the author points out that scientific reading should begin with "all theoretical papers of this subject are obtained through reference books and catalog databases". If beginners can understand this principle, they can avoid the problem of making comments rashly without fully having the existing research results. For another example, in the part about foreign languages, the author expressed the following views: First, for intellectuals all over the world, English is "Mandarin" rather than a foreign language; Second, we should attach importance to the foreign etymology of modern Chinese and use foreign languages to improve our understanding of our mother tongue. This paper also puts forward a "four-sided cutting method" for the key concepts of modern Chinese: all its translation meanings, that is, the original meaning of western languages; Second, cut its canon meaning, Greek and Roman etymology; Third, cut off its interpretation, the original Buddhist Chinese and Sanskrit; Four aspects: the meaning of exegesis, the etymology of Chinese characters and the exegesis of ancient documents. If we can cut these four aspects together, we can learn a well-founded foreign language and have a solid foundation for learning. If a worker wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools, understand the correct academic norms, and have a scientific method, so that reading can get twice the result with half the effort.
However, the reason why Nineteen Zhas gleb is so moving lies in the feelings of teachers between the lines of Nineteen Letters, which is the embodiment of "learning from teachers". Teachers are teachers' ways. China's traditional teaching method is "a model for all generations". Teachers are not only imparting knowledge, but also moral models and spiritual guides. Teachers have a sacred position in the tablet of "Heaven, Earth, King and Teacher". However, since the school education in China in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China was dominated by the western education system, China's traditional teacher's way declined.
China's traditional education originates from the spirit of goodness. "The way of university lies in Mingde, in being close to family, and in being perfect." Knowing things is not an end in itself. Before we know something, we must be sincere and sincere. Its purpose is to cultivate self-cultivation and improve morality, that is, to be sage inside and king outside; Western universities originate from the spirit of seeking truth, and Aristotle's creed is "pursuing truth", that is, achieving the greatest goal by the simplest and feasible method. Therefore, Aristotle has the immortal famous saying "I love my teacher, and I love the truth more", while Confucius said "I should do my duty as a teacher". Related to this, in form, the traditional education in China is general education, which can be confirmed from the educational content. Confucian scholars widely learn "six arts": ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics; Western education is a specialized education, and Weber believes that its roots can be traced back to Plato. "Plato's ideal ... is based on the belief that man can only realize himself by mastering a skill." On the other hand, Confucius was praised not only for his knowledge: "Great Confucius! Learn without name. " Since the Qing dynasty, the national movement has declined. Stimulated by western material civilization, people of insight advocate abolishing the imperial examination, opening schools and cultivating useful talents with western learning. Therefore, China's education has completed the mode transformation in the severe pain and moved towards educational modernization. However, due to the decisive break with tradition, China's education not only shows its advantages, but also exposes its shortcomings.
The western spirit of seeking truth has brought infinite expansion of modern instrumental rationality, and the pursuit of efficiency by instrumental rationality has led to the bureaucratization of modern society, the refinement of social division of labor and the one-sidedness of human beings. For the sake of efficiency, modern universities carry out subject education and train experts who know or master a certain knowledge, but they are divided unilaterally, which hinders the all-round promotion of human nature. On the other hand, modern universities take knowledge education as their main function, not values education. Although they have trained a large number of talents for the development of society, they are lacking in guiding students' spirit. Kang Youwei once argued for abolishing the imperial examination to open more schools, but after the Republic of China, he criticized school education as "taking Zhi Dai as the virtue", which can be said to be right. In addition, modern universities produce a large number of graduates in line with large-scale industrial production to meet the needs of society. The efficiency is not high, but it is close to producing material products in mode. Most teachers lack emotional communication with students, and it is even more difficult to guide students morally. Many disadvantages of education in China, including exam-oriented education in primary and secondary schools, are rooted in this.
So, under the modern education system, what are students? What is a teacher? From Mr. Zhu's Nineteen Chapters, we can see his thinking and practice on this issue. He started with improving methods, taught students how to read, and then pointed out the significance of universities, teachers and even life. He teaches students knowledge and points out that knowledge alone is not enough. He emphasized academic norms and methods, but his intention was above methods. For Mr. Zhu, imparting knowledge is not the ultimate goal of the university. The purpose of teaching is to preach, that is, to hope that students will develop a rational spirit to face choices and judgments in the acquisition of knowledge and standardized training. He distinguishes between experts and scholars, aiming at guiding students to develop their nature in an all-round way and become complete people; He reflected on the alienation of human knowledge, pointed out the limitations of science, and discussed the possibility of art as the driving force to pursue human spiritual home. He analyzed the influence of the Internet age on university education, predicted the transformation of university teachers' functions, and showed the value of teachers as spiritual tutors. More importantly, Mr. Zhu is not thinking about what a teacher is in theory, but practicing the teacher's way in reality. He is not only the teacher of knowledge, but also the spiritual guide of students. The significance of Nineteen is not to discuss and answer the question of what is a student and what is a teacher in theory, but that these nineteen letters are the crystallization of Mr. Zhu's practice of teaching as a teacher.
The traditional way of learning from others began with Confucius. When the Analects of Confucius is opened, the image of an eloquent master comes to the fore. Confucius used to have 3000 disciples. He taught his disciples in the process of "sitting" and "swimming" with the educational method of "abstaining from learning, advancing and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". The ancients said that "learning from the teacher" and "learning from the teacher" refers to this kind of daily life. However, since Zhang Taiyan, with the comprehensive deepening of educational modernization, Confucius-style teachers have become a masterpiece. As the father of the Republic of China, Zhang Taiyan criticized school education, and his intention was inevitably nostalgia for the traditional university lecture system. Mr. Lu Xun once recalled that when he was learning from Mr. Zhang Taiyan, he sat in the spring breeze and said that the teacher's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" had long been forgotten, but "Mr. Zhang's voice and smile are still there. "Today, the traditional teaching methods have undoubtedly declined, but they are still emerging one after another. It is many Zhu Qingsheng-style teachers who consciously or unconsciously inherit the excellent heritage of traditional education, preach and teach in the teaching process, and set an example by their glamorous personality and spirit, becoming the beacon and star of students' life.
During the period of 1998, Mr. Zhu was elected as one of the top ten teachers in Peking University, and still pointed out his own congenital deficiency and internal deficiency with the topic of "self-review". After reading his book, you can imagine that he is a person, and you will be fascinated involuntarily. Students who can read these letters directly are lucky, and those who have read Nineteen Za Greb are undoubtedly lucky.
What's the story of the teacher's way?