First, the world has fully entered the urban age.
5500 years ago, agricultural trade began to spread, and small towns appeared like mushrooms after rain. About the year 100, the world's first big city with a population of over100000 was born in Rome. 1200 years, due to the development of smelting technology, the formation speed of Eurasian cities began to accelerate.
The data about the level of urbanization appeared after about 1800 years. It is estimated that the world population in 1800 is about 906 million, of which about 2170,000 (24%) live in cities with a population of over 20,000, and about 2% live in cities with a population of 100. During the period of 1850, the world population increased by about 30%, the proportion of cities with a population of more than 20,000 increased by 132%, and the proportion of big cities increased by 76%. During the period of 1900- 1950, the population growth rate of big cities reached 254%. At the same time, urbanization shows great differences in various regions of the world.
European countries, especially Britain, have the earliest urbanization process and the most extensive development. From 1760 to 185 1 90, the urban population in Britain exceeded 50% of the total population. At that time, the urban population only accounted for 6.5% of the world's total population, but it reached 19265438+. The United States is the most urbanized country in the world today. After the United States declared its independence in 1776, it experienced the industrial revolution in 19 century and the post-industrial revolution in the 20th century, and its urbanization level increased from 5% in 1790 to over 90% now. Although Japan's urbanization process is more than 100 years later than that of some western countries, due to the rapid development of its urban economy, it took only a few decades to reach the urbanization level of western developed countries: 1920, Japan's urban population only accounted for 18% of the total population, but by 1955, its urban population proportion rose to 58%, and by. Among the countries in Oceania, New Zealand and Australia have the largest population, which basically reflects the urbanization situation in this region. The urban population of the two countries accounts for 80% of the total population, from 65438 to 0994.
Compared with the urbanization in developed countries, developing countries started late and have a short history. As most developing countries were once colonies, the industrial revolution of 1960s had little influence on them. According to statistics, from 1800 to 1930, the urban population in developing countries only increased from 30 million to1350,000, while the rural population increased from 670 million to11670,000. Since 1950, the urbanization process in developing countries has been accelerating. During the 35 years from 1950 to 1985, the proportion of urban population also increased from 17.3% to 3 1.7%.
The World Urban Development Report of 2 1 Century issued by the International Conference on the Future of Cities in 2 1 Century held in Berlin in July, 2000 pointed out that the world's urban area only accounts for 2% of the land area, but it is inhabited by about half of the earth's population, consuming 65% of the global domestic water consumption, 76% of the total industrial wood consumption and 78% of the global carbon dioxide emissions. Looking forward to the general trend of world urban development in the 2 1 century, from 2000 to 2025, the world urban population will soar from 2.4 billion in 1995 to 5 billion, and the proportion of the world population will rise from 47% to 665,438+0%. It is estimated that by 20 15, there will be 358 megacities with a population of over one million and 27 megacities with a population of over ten million in the world.
Nowadays, the urbanization growth momentum in developing countries is increasing, sustained and rapid, while most developed countries have reached a high degree of urbanization. Futurists predict that by 20 15, three-quarters of the world's population will be concentrated in cities, and the era of super cities is coming. In another 50 years, except for a small number of "civil servants working at home", all mankind will live in super cities.
So, what are the landmark events in the historical process of urbanization in this world?
(1) 1920, the United States entered the urban age.
(2) In 2006, China entered the urban era.
(3) In 2007, the world entered the urban era.
(1) 1920, the United States entered the urban age.
The process of urbanization in the United States has experienced three stages: occurrence, development and maturity, and is closely related to the industrial and technological revolution. According to American demographic data, 1790, the urban population only accounts for 5% of the total population; 1 1% in1840; 20% of 1860; 1920 was 5 1%, and the United States became an urbanized country; From 65438 to 0940, the population in metropolitan areas accounted for 47.6% of the total population, and the United States became a metropolitan country; By 1990, the urban population of the United States accounted for 75% of the total population, and the population of metropolitan areas with a population of more than 1 10,000 accounted for 53.4% of the total population. The United States has become a country dominated by metropolitan areas.
(2) In 2006, China entered the urban era.
Although by the end of 2005, the urbanization level of China had just reached 42.99%; However, since the government of China announced that the agricultural tax will be abolished from 2006, the national finance will come from cities or urban industries. China City has decisively become the social and economic center of the country in the new century. It will bear all the glory and dreams of China's peaceful rise in the new century, and it will also become the main carrier of all social policies and their results. If the date is determined by the change of national financial resources, the urban era of China in 2006 has arrived ahead of schedule.
(3) In 2007, the world entered the urban era.
By 2007, 50% of the world's population will live in cities, and the world has officially entered the urban era. In the world of trade and financial liberalization, cities are the centers of innovation, investment, communication, production and consumption. The essence of the whole country and even the world is gathered here, where talents, capital, technology and ideas frequently collide and exchange, and business activities, information exchange and knowledge innovation are extremely active. Centralized economic resources, developed social network and convenient living conditions have created the leading position of cities in the economy. Fierce internal and external competition gave birth to a strong sense of competition and business spirit in this city.
Promoting urbanization under the general trend of economic globalization will promote economic and social development, let more people benefit from this historical process, alleviate major economic and social problems in the contemporary world, enable countries to share all kinds of knowledge related to economic development, and provide benefits to all mankind in the accelerated flow of production factors such as goods and services. Below, through the basic process of urban development in the United States, it gives some enlightenment to the urban development of other countries in the world.
The United States is one of the countries with the highest degree of urbanization in the world today, and its urbanization motives are various. On the one hand, the urbanization of the United States began with the beginning of industrialization, which adapted to the needs of industrial development. The workers in the factory are one of the main residents of the city, and their existence makes the business prosper, accompanied by the rise of urban culture. On the other hand, the high development of industrialization has brought about the revolution of agricultural production technology, which makes the demand for labor force in agricultural production smaller and smaller, and the surplus labor force is increasingly attracted by cities and migrates to cities in large numbers. With the economic model dominated by industry and commerce finally replacing the small producer economic model dominated by agriculture in the early days of the founding of the United States, urban life gradually replaced rural life and became the dominant lifestyle of Americans.
At the same time, the United States is an immigrant country, and population growth depends not only on natural population growth, but also on a large number of immigrants. However, with the process of industrialization, more and more new immigrants are attracted by the myth of industrial civilization and come to the United States to engage in industrial wage labor, which naturally becomes a part of urban residents, and they have made great contributions to the development of the city. The influx of immigrants has created and provided great value of products and services for the United States. In the past 20 years, the United States has earned about $6 billion in total income from the influx of professionals every year. The influx of immigrants has saved the United States a huge amount of education and training expenses. In recent years, the influx of talents has saved the United States $654.38+0.8 billion in education funds every year. The influx of immigrants has also provided some special professionals for the United States, which has integrated the cultures of various countries into American society and accelerated the development of the United States.
Secondly, the world is experiencing an urban revolution.
About 5000 years ago, with the improvement of agricultural productivity, a few Neolithic villages developed small market towns and cities, which was called "the first urban revolution of mankind". The earliest cities in the world appeared in today's Iraq, along the banks of the young Faraday River and the Tigris River. According to modern city standards, the city at that time was very small, but compared with the previous living environment, it was very big. Adams R.M. recorded in the book Evolution of Cities that around BC 1000, due to the use of iron, social traffic was greatly improved, production developed rapidly, and the urban population began to increase slowly. Centuries ago, Athens in Europe gradually developed into an independent city-state. By the 2nd century, Rome had millions of residents and became a land spanning Asia and Africa.
With the beginning of industrial revolution in europe in the18th century, the rise and development of industrialization and the rapid acceleration of urbanization, this change is called "the second urban revolution of mankind". In the 2nd century AD, there were only 30,000 people in London. With the development of industrial revolution, its population has soared to 654.38+0 million. /kloc-in 0/700, less than 2% of British residents lived in cities. By 1900, most British people have become urban residents. The development of agriculture and transportation, the discovery of the new continent and the opening of new trade routes, and the most important thing is the improvement of productivity, all laid the foundation for the urbanization development in this period. 1800, the world urban population only accounts for 3% of the total population. At 1900, it rose to 13.6%.
Today, the 2 1 century knowledge economy has also spawned a large-scale global urban revolution, which is called "the third urban revolution of mankind". The reason for the outbreak is that the city we live in is a product of the industrial age and there is a serious "urban disease". Today, mankind has enjoyed a very rich material life, and it is urgent to change the current situation of life. This strong demand, coupled with the arrival of the era of knowledge economy, will inevitably lead to an urban revolution. Existing cities must be upgraded and a new generation of cities will emerge all over the world.
Under the background of globalization, the international division of labor and cooperation is deepening, and the orientation of regional economy is polarized to technology brands and cost. The development values centered on knowledge and talents are being recognized more and more widely around the world, and the focus of comprehensive competition between countries and regions is gradually shifting from traditional industries to various emerging knowledge-intensive industries. At the same time, developing countries use their own cost advantages to gain advantages in talent and capital-intensive industries, which accelerates the withdrawal of developed countries from these markets.
Facing the global economic transformation and industrial adjustment, cities, as the focus of national competitive strength, bear the brunt. In the era of global competition, cities are also the leaders of national development and the cornerstone of global competition, and the international competition between cities is both direct and fierce. Development and economic integration lead to centralized and decentralized gathering of economic activities, which makes all cities in the world face the opportunity of rise and the danger of decline at the same time. An urban revolutionary storm that shocked the world's mind is erupting silently and violently.
What is the urban revolution? Urban revolution means that in the process of urban development, the direction and mode of urban development have undergone fundamental and significant changes, which have greatly impacted the traditional concept of urban development, urban construction and construction management methods. This is a historic event on the road of urban development and a new milestone in urban development.
What is the content of urban revolution? According to the needs of social development and the needs of the times, there will be a large number of new cities in the future, which are suitable for the world, the times and the cultural characteristics of various places. Each city is truly cosmopolitan and unique.
Then, in the process of the global revolution in big cities, what essentials must be grasped?
(1) Cities have become scarce commodities.
(2) Cities become the main body of national competition.
(3) Cities determine the wealth of a country.
(1) Cities have become scarce commodities.
In the past five years, the real real estate prices in Britain, Australia, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain have increased by 8% to 12% annually, and Boston and San Francisco in the United States have exceeded 10%. What is the reason behind the real estate boom? The answer is that cities have become a scarce commodity.
Whether from new york to Boston, from Beijing to Shanghai, or from London to Sydney, the more attractive a city is, the faster its house prices will rise, which is a common phenomenon. In the United States, for example, the overall house price in China has increased by 5 1% since 1.995, and the house price in Boston has soared by1.654,38+0% since 1.996. Even after the 9 1 1 terrorist attacks in new york, the house price still rose 1, 654,38.
On the surface, it is to buy a house, but in essence it is to buy a city. Because there are only a few attractive cities in the country, the attraction has greatly increased and it has become the leader of the national and even global real estate market. Many suburban markets in China have failed because they deviate from the city center, which is undoubtedly calling on consumers to buy houses in the countryside. If you don't understand the truth, building a house just for the sake of it is doomed to failure. Only when the house is built on the carrier of the city will it succeed.
(2) Cities become the main body of national competition.
In the past industrial era, the competition between countries was the competition between enterprises. Enterprises in one country produce products and sell them to another country. If there are many enterprises in this country that produce more products, more goods will be sold to other countries, and this country will be rich.
In the current urban era, the enterprise strategy has undergone fundamental changes, and the traditional point-to-point trade activity mode between countries has been gradually abandoned under the global economic integration. Today's enterprises have become "citizens of the world", and they do not belong to any country. Where there is a market, there are enterprises.
Now, a country should understand that only the city is its own, and if the city wants to develop, it must attract a large number of global fast-moving economic cells-enterprises. When all cities do this, fierce urban competition will be inevitable. Therefore, in 2 1 century, enterprises become stateless "world citizens", and the main body of national competition is no longer enterprises, but cities.
(3) Cities determine the wealth of a country.
The most important driving force of national economic development is the market growth brought by the growth of foreign trade and domestic demand. The faster the market grows, the more people will participate in the trading of goods and services, and the market will continue to expand with the continuous increase of people's income. Therefore, we should reflect on the policies generally adopted by many countries to promote economic growth.
We must understand that only transactions can bring wealth. Judging from the development history of the world economy in the past 600 years, the bulk cargo trading since the Middle Ages has become the source of world economic growth. Therefore, the medieval market was the central link of the economy, but it was eventually replaced by towns.
Why? Because the city is a more efficient market, the transaction cost, transportation cost and communication cost are greatly reduced, and goods, services and information can be traded at the lowest cost. Therefore, urbanization is an indispensable driving force for national economic growth, and the number, scale and developed degree of cities directly determine the wealth of a country.
Third, the future development trend of world cities.
City is a scarce resource, and it is also the product with the largest demand in the world at present. In order to meet the global demand, we must build more cities. In the process of manufacturing such a huge comprehensive product as Xincheng, the production factors such as natural resources, scientific and technological resources, human resources, enterprise resources and other market resources are very huge. This powerful and huge demand will inevitably promote the rapid development of the national economy and the overall development of the world economy.
Urbanization in the 20th century was basically driven by industrialization, and the spread of urban civilization was based on their respective countries. With the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution since the 1960s, the international opening-up of all countries in the world has expanded rapidly, and international exchanges have become increasingly frequent. Especially in the 1990s, the construction of the information superhighway led by the United States integrated the whole world more effectively. Cities in various countries are like the websites and outlets of the global village, and the interaction and penetration are more in-depth and convenient. Urbanization in the 265,438+0 century is entering a new stage of globalization and modernization.
Nowadays, the development of urbanization is not only manifested in the increase of quantity, but also in the improvement of quality. Urban modernization has become the primary goal of development. Although urban modernization is a worldwide trend, it has different meanings in different regions. In developed countries, it refers to the informationization and high-tech of cities, which combines urban development with computer application and modern scientific and technological revolution; In developing countries, urban modernization mainly refers to the improvement of urban industrial structure, highly divided and socialized production system, developed market exchange, perfect basic services and the improvement of urban residents' quality of life.
Due to the promotion of scientific and technological revolution and informatization, high-tech industries are becoming more and more popular in modern cities, which not only affects the layout of cities, but also profoundly affects the process of the whole society. In the process of restructuring the world economy and social structure, urban communities in various countries present a more open and interactive network form. As a regional social, economic and cultural center, cities are playing an increasingly important role in international exchanges, and more cities have become the development centers of international society and culture. Based on the improvement of people's wealth and living standards in various countries, people yearn for urban life with advanced technology, concentrated production, prosperous culture and developed traffic information, and the development of urban modernization will have an increasingly strong social and psychological foundation.
Another trend of urban modernization is the specialization of some development directions. Urban specialization is the requirement of scale benefit and comparative cost advantage in urban economic development. This is the product of the concentrated development of regional industrialization, which is slowing down in industrialized countries, but it is in the ascendant in developed countries after industrialization. Urban specialization not only means that urban development must first establish distinctive industrial clusters that meet the urban resources and technical conditions, but also means that all industries, industries and enterprises in the city should rationally divide their work and specialization and cooperation, and form leading industrial clusters with urban personality and vitality and social and economic entities with special functions and values.
At the same time of urban modernization, we find that almost all cities now have various problems, such as crowded population, traffic jam, tight housing, increased crime, shortage of water resources, serious pollution and so on. These increasingly serious urban problems make people's quality of life decline while their material level is constantly improving. As a result, the world is surging in the pursuit of new cities and new lives, and cities must be "updated".
So, what is the future development trend in this worldwide urban renewal revolution?
(1) Urban Symbiosis Development
(2) Personalized urban development
(3) Urban agglomeration development
(1) Urban Symbiosis Development
The development of modern cities has greatly enriched people's life content and fundamentally changed people's lifestyle. While people enjoy the comfort and convenience brought by urbanization, they also encounter new problems and various pressures such as environment, housing, transportation and health, that is, "urban disease".
The fundamental reason is people's blind optimism and excessive dependence on urbanization, which leads to short-sightedness and wrong behavior in the process of urban development and destroys the original harmonious relationship between man and nature. Faced with the warning of "urban disease", people began to calm down and rethink how to deal with the relationship between man and nature, and the role that cities should play between man and nature.
These ancient and simple philosophical thoughts of "returning to nature, respecting nature and integrating man with nature" have once again become our life creed and guided us out of the predicament. Therefore, the future cities will take knowledge, information, education and science and technology industries as the basis of urban development, and will improve the antagonistic relationship between man and the natural environment, develop in the direction of symbiosis and harmony, and form the development relationship of symbiosis, sharing and common prosperity between cities and rural areas.
(2) Personalized urban development
Due to the continuous improvement of modern people's quality of life and the development of urban aesthetics, people pay more and more attention to the diversification of architectural styles and the transformation and collocation of colors in houses and workplaces, which requires not only that all kinds of buildings be colorful, but also that their owners' personality hobbies be reflected and become external image symbols reflecting their respective functional properties.
Urban color is the main factor that constitutes the beauty of urban architecture, and it is also one of the main means to improve the urban environmental function. It plays a role in decorating and beautifying urban architectural modeling. It should be said that in Europe, where urban civilization and even culture and art are developed, the color allocation of several major cities has reached a remarkable level. The volume, height, shape, spatial scale and materials of the buildings in these cities after community renewal all reflect a strong sense of modern color.
All cities in western Europe have central squares with sculptures as the core or sculptures, lawns and fountains as the main body. At road intersections or near large public buildings, colorful and distinctive squares often appear. These squares became the climax of the whole city movement. They are not only public activities and entertainment places for urban people, but also tourist attractions that make people linger, playing the role of urban living rooms.
(3) Urban agglomeration development
The construction of group-type urban agglomeration not only has the overall consideration of spatial layout, but also has the reasonable allocation of industrial layout, so as to improve the structure and function of group-type urban agglomeration and obtain "development dividend" That is, from the aspects of complementary knowledge, manpower, technology, industry and facilities, we can reduce transaction costs, overcome market barriers, realize cooperation benefits, spread innovation risks, form a benign network, and finally enjoy the overall benefits brought by the development dividend to the region.
Cluster urban agglomeration has become the most important power source for national economic growth. Greater new york, Greater Los Angeles and the Great Lakes Region, the three major urban agglomerations in the United States account for 67% of the total GDF in the United States. The total GDP of the three major urban agglomerations in Japan, such as Dadongjing District, accounts for 69% of Japan. It can be predicted that the land area of the three major urban agglomerations in China only accounts for 3% of the total land area of the country, but their future GDP share can reach about 65% of the total GDP of the country. Only in this way can the development pressure of other vast areas in China be truly alleviated.
Nowadays, the conditions for regional economic integration are very mature, and the European plate, the European Union, has taken the lead in gathering from the economic growth model of a single country to a regional group of countries, thus becoming a world-class economic development platform. Facts have proved that when economic entities are integrated from a small platform to a large platform, the cost of mutual development is lower and the economy grows explosively through the industrial complementarity between entities, the formation of industrial chain and the rational allocation of infrastructure.
Conclusion: The dream of a global ring city.
Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, said, "People come to cities to live, and people live in cities to live better." Cities are the inevitable product of the development of productive forces to a certain historical stage. It is a place where people gather, live, trade and realize political rule. The location and planning of the city, the city's political, defense and transportation functions, as well as the city's religion, art, architecture, commerce and all these activities-people living in the city, are derived from here. In ancient times, although several wars destroyed villages and villages, after each war, the rulers always established their own cities and capitals in the original site of Lazy City or another scenic spot to stabilize their rule and develop the country. From this, we can draw a conclusion that cities have played an irreplaceable role in promoting and continuing the development of civilization.
As the theme of Expo 20 10, China proposed "Better City, Better Life". Its specific content is: the city is the crystallization of human civilization, and the gathering and blending of multi-cultures is the characteristic of the city; Cities are engines of economic growth and social development, and a vibrant urban economy is a symbol of national economic strength. City is the carrier and core of scientific and technological innovation, and the rapid development of science and technology has accelerated the renewal of the city and the improvement of life; Urban community is the "cell" of the city and human life, and 2 1 century will give urban community newer and richer connotations.
As the theme slogan of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, China put forward "One World, One Dream". It embodies the essence and universal values of the Olympic spirit-unity, friendship, progress, harmony, participation and dreams, and expresses the common desire of the whole world to pursue a better future for mankind under the inspiration of the Olympic spirit. Although human beings have different colors, languages and races, we share the charm and joy of the Olympics and pursue the ideal of human peace. We belong to the same world and share the same hopes and dreams.
The same dream, the same pursuit, has become the eternal theme of human development since the city was born in the history of human society. From agricultural society to industrial society, and then to urban society, the city is the highest form and pursuit of human society. Peace and progress, harmonious coexistence, win-win cooperation, harmonious life and harmonious city are the common ideals of the whole world. "One World, One Dream" is simple and profound, which belongs to both China and the world. It not only expresses the lofty ideal that the people of Beijing and China share a beautiful home, share the fruits of civilization and work together to create the future; It also expresses the firm belief that a great nation with 5,000 years of civilization is striding towards modernization is committed to peaceful development, social harmony and people's happiness; It also expresses the dream of building a peaceful and beautiful world, so that people all over the world can work together to build an urban society and jointly pursue a better city.
Throughout the history of world development, cities are the product of the era of agglomeration and diffusion in the process of industrialization. With the arrival of post-industrial era and information civilization, countries all over the world pay more attention to the study of "urbanization" or "post-urbanization". In order to guide people to turn their attention to the excavation, integration and effective allocation of resources within the city, so as to increase the vitality of the city, improve the quality of the city and win the initiative of sustainable development in the future, just like the theme slogan of "One World, One Dream", world vision, international dialogue and global cooperation are the century themes for human beings to create urban civilization and share the glory of the city.
Respondent: Li Nianying-Assistant II 10-28 20:3 1
Maybe it's a formal problem, maybe it's some very broad concepts, or a proposition that can't be expressed clearly in a few words. But to our surprise, when we interviewed different artists, writers, directors, presenters and artists, we found that the responses we received were different and the answers were various. In the eyes of different people, the rigid word "modern" shines with colorful light.
Respondents: x 050 1050 1 JCP- magic apprentice level 111:13.
Selected from,< Liezi is said to have been written by Li Yukou. He was a native of Zheng during the Warring States Period. However, according to textual research, Liezi was lost in the Han Dynasty, and the book Liezi, which is now circulating, was compiled by people in the Jin Dynasty, including many fables in the pre-Qin period. Liezi belongs to Taoism, while Taoism and Confucianism are two opposing schools, and they often ridicule each other. The original intention of this story is probably the same.
Central idea and writing characteristics:
& lt Two Children Telling a Day Two children argued about the distance between the sun and people in the morning and at noon, which reflected the precious spirit of ancient China people in exploring natural phenomena, thinking independently, boldly questioning and pursuing true knowledge.
This story enlightens us that we should pay attention to the spiritual essence when observing things, and don't be confused by superficial phenomena, and don't just emphasize one point. At the same time, the second half of this story tells us that no matter how knowledgeable he is, he can never know everything, so he should not show off himself.
Respondent: wl 333333333- probation level 11-1:17.
/kloc-Italy in the 0/4th century, the bud of the city, with the rise of handicraft industry, cities and citizens rose.
Respondent: Hengye-probationary period level 1:111:19.
I also come to answer:
Answer will get 2 points, if the answer is accepted, you will get bonus points and 20 points. Integral rule
The number of words to answer is within 10000 words.
References:
If your answer is quoted from other places, please indicate the source.
Anonymous answer
Baidu in 2006