Confucius (55 1- 479) was a great thinker, educator and politician at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. "No anger, no anger, no anger. No three turns,no. " This is the essence of Confucius' educational thought.
According to Confucius, "Qi" and "Fa" have different meanings and are two different concepts. "Qi" is used when a disciple cannot solve a problem after self-study and thinking, but there is a strong demand; "Dharma" is used when a disciple has a certain understanding of a certain problem through his own special research, but it is not deep enough. Enlightenment and development are carried out on the basis of self-study, and students' self-study and thinking ability can be further improved through teachers' enlightenment and development.
Confucius' heuristic education thought focuses on inspiring students to have strong autonomy and initiative. We should use this idea to train talents to meet the requirements of the new era. "Heuristic" education is the only way for contemporary quality education. Starting from this educational model, how to improve quality education today?
Confucius is a saint who put forward quality education.
First, the cultivation of students' autonomous learning ability
"Heuristic" emphasizes the cultivation of autonomous learning ability, which is manifested in stimulating students' autonomous learning ability with effective teaching methods. Autonomous learning is characterized by learners' intrinsic learning motivation, that is, they want to learn. Promoting autonomous learning is to cultivate and stimulate students' intrinsic learning motivation, which is caused by internal psychological factors such as individual's internal needs, interests, curiosity, thirst for knowledge, self-esteem, self-confidence or sense of autonomy, and sense of responsibility. The theory of how to cultivate and stimulate students' autonomous learning motivation provided by psychology is similar to Confucius' heuristic education. "Thinking and learning in one" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" are the educational means adopted by Confucius to inspire students to learn independently.
Confucius attached great importance to cultivating students' ability of self-study and independent thinking, and had many incisive expositions on the dialectical relationship between "learning" and "thinking". He said: "It is useless to learn without thinking, and it is dangerous to think without learning." On the one hand, he emphasized the importance of study: "I try not to eat for a day and not to sleep for a night." It's useless to think, it's better to learn. " (The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong) On the other hand, it emphasizes the importance of thinking: "A gentleman has Jiu Si: he sees clearly, listens attentively, thinks enthusiastically, looks respectfully, speaks loyally, thinks respectfully, doubts and doubts, thinks bitterly, and looks as if he is right." (The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi). Confucius believes that the relationship between "thinking" and "learning" is that it is wrong to learn without thinking, and it is also wrong to think without learning. We need to think deeply on the basis of extensive study in order to achieve effective teaching.
Confucius saw the individual differences of students in the teaching process, and was good at understanding and analyzing the different situations of students, and guided them according to the situation. Confucius said: "above the middle class, you can speak in language (profound theory), but below the middle class, you can't speak in language." (The Analects of Confucius. Yongye). Educated people have their own differences and characteristics because of their different natural qualifications, acquired education and subjective efforts. In the Song Dynasty, when summing up Confucius' teaching experience, Zhu pointed out that "Confucius teaches students in accordance with their aptitude", hence the name "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". According to the different characteristics and differences of the educated, it is in line with the principle of taking care of individual differences in teaching today.
Advocate comprehensive quality education for middle school students
Second, emphasize that the main role of teachers is to guide rather than "instill"
For many years, China's education has always emphasized the leading role of teachers. People often use a famous saying in Han Yu's Teacher's Theory to summarize the responsibilities of teachers: "A teacher is a teacher, so he preaches, teaches and dispels doubts." Han Yu believes that the leading role of teachers is to impart knowledge. It is true that it is impossible for students to acquire comprehensive and systematic basic theoretical knowledge without the teacher's teaching during their school days. However, such explicit teaching will ignore the cultivation of students' autonomous learning and independent working ability, and it is easy to see students as simple knowledge recipients. In fact, Han Yu also said in Teacher's Commentary that "a disciple need not be inferior to a teacher, and a teacher need not be superior to a disciple". What he wants to achieve is that students can surpass teachers and form their own learning ability, that is, "shine on you is better than blue" (Xunzi). What should be the leading role of teachers? Teachers should be a baton to cultivate students' ability to acquire new knowledge by self-study, to cultivate students' ability to ask questions by themselves, and to cultivate students' ability to solve problems by self-study, independent thinking and hands-on. The cultivation of the above abilities lies not in the amount of knowledge imparted to students, but in the guidance of teachers in all teaching links.
Achievement is no longer the lifeblood of students.
Third, quality education aims at cultivating creative talents.
The students we want to cultivate are not uncreative students who can only read and cannot think. What is needed in today's society is talents with creative thinking, and their innovative ideas are used to transform this society. Only on the basis of profound basic theory can we cultivate innovative talents step by step. Confucius believed that in order to learn, one must "go to school" (Analects of Confucius. Constitutional issues), and to "go to school", in addition to the combination of learning and thinking mentioned above, we must broaden our knowledge. Confucius advocated "listening more" and "seeing more". He believes that "listening more and being suspicious" and "seeing more and taking more risks" (The Analects of Confucius for Politics) are learned everywhere. But erudition should not be chaotic, and there should be a center to command it. Confucius said, "If you give it, will it be for those who know more to learn?" ? Right:' Of course, right?' Say,' If not, be consistent. "("The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong ") He emphasized that he should be" knowledgeable and courteous ",be knowledgeable and open-minded, have a profound and comprehensive understanding of things, and be able to solve problems in both directions; On the basis of erudition, form your own main direction, "consistently" and establish a unique knowledge structure system. Of course, we must always look back and learn new things.
Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible motive force for the country's prosperity. To meet the challenge of science and technology in the future, the most important thing is to persist in innovation and be brave in innovation. With the increasingly fierce social competition, creative thinking is particularly prominent. "Heuristic" education aims at the different characteristics of different students, induces and inspires them in turn, and continuously refines, processes and transforms them on the basis of the original thinking concept, and finally cultivates the talents needed by the times with excellent comprehensive ability.
The quality education advocated today should actively deepen Confucius' educational thought from the above three aspects, truly change our educational concept and shape more and better available talents for the future.
The deepening of quality education will make children's future more brilliant.