Representatives and viewpoints of biological origin theory, psychological origin theory and labor origin theory of education.

Myth origin theory

This is the oldest view on the origin of education, which was held by all religions and some thinkers in ancient China.

This view holds that education, like everything else, is created by a personified God (God or Heaven), and the purpose of education is to embody the will of God or Heaven and make people depend on God or obey Heaven.

This view is fundamentally wrong and unscientific. The reason is mainly limited by the level of understanding of the origin of human society at that time.

Theory of biological origin

Representative figures are Letourneaux, a French sociologist and philosopher, and Percy Neng, a British educator.

The main points are: educational activities exist not only in human society, but also outside human society and even in the animal kingdom;

The education of human society is the inheritance, perfection and development of animal education.

From the origin, education is a biological process, and biological impulse is the main driving force of education.

The theory of biological origin is the first formal theory about the origin of education in the history of pedagogy. It shows the similarity between human education and similar behaviors of other animals, which is a great progress compared with the origin of myth, and marks the beginning of a shift from mythological interpretation to scientific interpretation on the origin of education. Its fundamental mistake is that it fails to distinguish the qualitative difference between human educational behavior and similar behavior of animals.

3. Theory of psychological origin

The representative figure is American educational historian Luo.

The most important point is that education originated from children's unconscious imitation of adults in their daily lives.

This view is different from the theory of biological origin, but it is not far away from the theory of biological origin after careful consideration. Because if education originated from the "unconscious imitation" of adult behavior by children in primitive society, then this "unconscious imitation" is definitely not acquired, but inherited, innate rather than acquired, that is, instinctive rather than cultural and social. However, this instinct is a human instinct, not an animal instinct.

The above three theories of the origin of education roughly reflect the historical process of people's understanding of the origin of education: from the origin of myth to the origin of biology to the origin of psychology, which has certain historical progress. However, these three theories are not based on scientific methodology and do not reveal the internal motivation and social reasons of the origin of education.

The labor origin theory of education, also known as the social origin theory of education, was formed under the guidance of Marxist historical materialism and on the basis of directly criticizing the biological origin theory and the psychological origin theory. Most educational historians and educators in the former Soviet Union and China agree with this view.

The direct theoretical and methodological basis of labor origin theory is Engels' book The Role of Labor in the Transformation from Ape to Man. The main viewpoints can be summarized as follows: first, human education originated from the needs of labor or labor process; Second, education is a unique social activity of human beings; Thirdly, education comes from labor under the development of human language and consciousness; Fourth, the function of education from the day it came into being is to transmit the social production and life experience formed and accumulated in the process of labor; Fifth, the category of education is the unity of historicity and class nature.

What are the main theories about the origin of education?

There are four common views about the origin of education:?

1. Myth origin theory-the oldest point of view

Representative: All religions?

Viewpoint: Education is created by a personified God (God or Heaven), which embodies the will of God or Heaven and makes people convert to God or obey Heaven. ?

Evaluation: This view is fundamentally wrong and unscientific. ?

2. The theory of biological origin-the first formal theory of educational origin?

Representative figures: Literno, Percy Neng?

Viewpoint: Education originated from the biological instinct of the animal kingdom?

Evaluation: Its fundamental mistake is that it fails to grasp the purpose and sociality of human education, and fails to distinguish the difference between human educational behavior and animal feeding behavior, so it is wrong. ?

Status quo: The first formal theory about the origin of education marks the beginning of the transformation of the origin of education from mythical interpretation to scientific interpretation. ? (formula: "instinct generates interest", instinct-survival instinct, biological origin theory, Li Literno, interest-Percy can)?

3. Theory of psychological origin?

Representative: Meng Lu?

Viewpoint: Education originated from children's unconscious imitation of adults in daily life. The theory of psychological origin criticizes the vulgar view that the theory of educational biological origin does not distinguish between human education and animal instinct. ?

Evaluation: This view is also wrong. Although it excludes animals and has progressive significance, what it thinks of as "unconscious imitation" is still innate, not acquired, but instinctive, so it is wrong. ? (Formula: Psychological Imitation of Monroe, psychological-psychological origin theory, imitation-unconscious imitation, Monroe-Monroe)

? 4. On the origin of labor?

Representative figures: Midinsky, Kailov?

Viewpoint: Education originated from the dialectical unity of social production needs and human development needs in the process of labor. ?

Evaluation: Marxists believe that the theory of labor origin is the correct theory of origin. ? (Formula: "Mifu loves labor", Mi-Midinsky, Fu-Kailov, labor-labor origin theory)

What are the theoretical viewpoints about the origin of education?

The main theories about the origin of education are biological origin, psychological origin and labor origin.

(1). Theory of biological origin

According to the biological origin theorists, human education originated from the survival instinct activities of various animals in the animal kingdom, and the main representatives are Torno, Spencer, Percy Neng and so on.

The French sociologist Little Noel holds that education is a social phenomenon that occurs outside the scope of human society and long before human beings appear. The love and care of big animals for small animals is an educational act, and there are also teachers and students in the insect world. Survival competition and natural instinct are the basis of education. It is based on the natural instinct of survival and reproduction that animals impart "knowledge" and "skills" to young animals, and it is the original form and origin of education. Later, human education only inherited the existing education form in the animal kingdom and made it acquire new attributes.

(2). Theory of psychological origin

Psychogenic theorists believe that education originated from children's unconscious imitation of adults, and the main representative is American educator Monroe.

From the perspective of psychology, Meng Lu judged that education originated from children's unconscious imitation of adults according to the primitive historical facts that there were no schools, teachers and textbooks in primitive society. In the textbook History of Education, he wrote that education in primitive society "generally adopts simple and unconscious imitation", and that "primitive society has only the simplest form of education, however, in the early days, the educational process has all the basic characteristics of the highest stage of education development", that is, it recognizes that children's unconscious imitation of adults is the initial education.

(3). The origin of labor theory

According to the viewpoint of labor origin theorists, education originated from labor, which is the dialectical unity of social production needs and human development needs in the process of labor. Its representatives are mainly educational historians and educators such as Midinsky and Kailov of the former Soviet Union.

In the book History of World Education, Midinsky pointed out that the origin of education can only be understood from Engels' famous principle of "labor creates people by itself". Education originated from the unique productive labor of human beings.

The Origin and Development of Educational Psychology

1, initial stage (before 1920s)

From 65438 to 0903, American psychologist Thorndike published Educational Psychology, which is the first monograph named after educational psychology in the West. Thorndike's educational psychology is divided into three parts: the first part talks about human nature, the second part talks about learning psychology, and the third part talks about individual differences and their causes. During this period, the field of educational psychology gradually formed two opposing schools: behaviorism and cognitive theory. Behaviorism emphasizes the scientific study of observable explicit behavior, and advocates that learning is to establish a connection between environment and behavioral response. Contrary to behaviorism, Gestalt School advocates studying the internal process of learning and human experience, emphasizing that learning lies in forming and organizing a "Gestalt" in the mind. Gestalt is an early learning theory of cognitive tendency.

2. Development period (from 1920s to the end of 1950s)

During this period, behaviorism learning theory occupied a dominant position. However, it also absorbs many ideas from cognitive learning theory, which leads to eclectic academic theory.

3. Maturity (1960s to the end of 1970s)

Cognitive learning theory has been paid more and more attention. At the same time, humanism has emerged, which opposes the reduction and division of people into various elements and advocates the study of the whole person, and everyone has the potential and motivation for self-development and self-realization; Explain learning from the perspective of pursuing self-realization, emphasizing learners' self-participation, self-motivation, self-evaluation and self-criticism.

4. Perfect period (80 years later)

Constructivism, as a new development of cognitive learning theory, has a far-reaching impact on the research and practice of educational psychology. It emphasizes that learning is not just a transfer from the outside to the inside, but an active process of knowledge construction.

The representative figure of Wu's psychological origin theory is

The theory of psychological origin is a theory about the origin of education. Also known as "the educational origin theory of psychology". Initiated by Monroe, USA. From the psychological point of view, he thinks that the origin of biology ignores the essential difference between human psychology and animal psychology. According to the fact that there were no textbooks and corresponding teaching methods to impart all kinds of knowledge in primitive society, he came to the conclusion that education originated from children unconsciously imitating adults. In his History of Education (1925), he wrote that education in primitive society "generally adopted simple and unconscious imitation" and "primitive society only had the simplest form of education. However, in the early days, the educational process had all the basic characteristics of the highest stage of educational development. " In other words, imitation is not only the initial form and means of education, but also the essence of education. The History of World Education by Midensky of the Soviet Union summarized the above viewpoints as "the educational origin theory of psychology" or "the psychological origin theory" for short.

The main representative of the theory of psychological origin is American educator paul monroe (1869- 1947). In Textbook of Educational History, Meng Lu judged that education should originate from children's unconscious imitation of adults from the perspective of psychology, according to the original historical facts that there were no schools, teachers and textbooks in primitive society. He wrote in the book "Textbook of Educational History": Education in primitive society "generally adopts simple unconscious imitation." In this primitive community, children's unconscious imitation of older members is the initial development of education.

Detailed content

The founder of educational psychology avoided the mistake of biological origin theory, and proposed that imitation is a new educational origin theory, which has its reasonable side. Imitation, as a psychological phenomenon and learning style, can be regarded as one of various educational methods. However, Meng Lu's mistake is that he attributed all education to the imitation behavior under the unconscious state, and failed to understand that the reason why people become people is the essential stipulation of consciousness, and all human activities are purposeful behaviors under the control of consciousness. Therefore, his view is still wrong.

The biological origin theory and psychological origin theory of education reveal the origin of education from different angles, but their common defect is that they both deny the social attribute and purpose of education, deny that education is a conscious activity, and confuse animal instinct and children's unconscious imitation with conscious education, so they are all incorrect.

What does Lu's theory of educational psychological origin think that education originated from?

B: Imitation.

American educator P Monroe (1869 ~ 1947) believes that education originated from children's unconscious imitation of adult instinct in primitive commune period. Admitting imitation is not only the means of the initial educational form, but also the essence of education.

He wrote in the textbook "History of Education": "Primitive society showed its education in the simplest form ... Most complex means used to help or force individuals to obey universal requirements unconsciously influenced individuals ... The methods used were simple and unconscious imitation from beginning to end." "In primitive society, there was only the simplest form of education. However, in the early stage, the education process had all the basic characteristics of the highest development stage of education.

What are the theories about the origin of education?

1. Myth Origin Theory-the oldest viewpoint

1. for: all religions

2. Viewpoint: Education is created by a personified God (God or Heaven), which embodies the will of God or Heaven and makes people convert to God or obey Heaven.

3. Evaluation: This view is fundamentally wrong and unscientific.

Second, the theory of biological origin-the first formal theory of educational origin.

1. Representative figures: Litterno and Percy Neng.

2. Viewpoint: Education originated from the biological instinct of the animal kingdom.

3. Evaluation: Its fundamental mistake is that it fails to grasp the purpose and sociality of human education, and fails to distinguish the difference between human educational behavior and animal rearing behavior, so it is wrong.

4. Status: The first formal theory of the origin of education marks that the origin of education has begun to shift from mythical interpretation to scientific interpretation.

(Formula: "instinct generates interest", instinct-survival instinct, biological origin theory, Leigh Literno, interest-Percy can)

Three. Theory of psychological origin

1. Representative: Meng Lu.

2. Viewpoint: Education originated from children's unconscious imitation of adults in daily life. The theory of psychological origin criticizes the vulgar view that the theory of educational biological origin does not distinguish between human education and animal instinct.

3. Evaluation: This view is also wrong. Although it excludes animals and has progressive significance, it is wrong to think that "unconscious imitation" is innate, not acquired, but instinctive.

(Formula: Psychological Imitation of Monroe, psychological-psychological origin theory, imitation-unconscious imitation, Monroe-Monroe)

Four. Theory of labor origin

1. Representatives: Midinsky, Kailov.

2. Viewpoint: Education originated from the dialectical unity of social production needs and human development needs in the process of labor.

3. Evaluation: Marxists believe that the theory of labor origin is the correct theory of origin.

(Formula: "Mifu loves labor", Mi-Midinsky, Fu-Kailov, labor-labor origin theory)

What does the "Ba" theory of educational psychological origin think that education originated from?

(A) the origin of primitive education theory

There are four representative views on the origin of primitive education:

1) biological origin theory: education is considered as an instinctive behavior shared by humans and animals in the evolution of species ability.

2) Theory of psychological origin: Education originally originated from the unconscious imitation of primitive human beings with educational significance.

3) About the origin of labor: labor created human beings and society. The complexity of the labor process requires that the accumulated experience of human beings be passed on to the next generation through education. Archaeological and anthropological studies have proved that educational activities have existed since primitive times, and education is an eternal social phenomenon.

4) the theory of the origin of social practice; Education originated from people's social practice or social needs in primitive society.

(2) About the origin of science education: School education originated from the common activities of "boys, girls, children, teenagers and the elderly" in the early primitive society.

(3) About the origin of national culture: Education originated from national culture.

In a word, it is inappropriate for the theory of psychological origin to attribute the occurrence of education to human psychological reasons. There is no fundamental difference between the theory of labor origin and the theory of social practice origin. Affirmation: school education and the theory of the origin of national culture only regard them as records of studying the origin of education.

What are the representative figures and viewpoints of biological origin theory, psychological origin theory and labor origin theory in the ninth five-year plan education?

The theory of biological origin: representative figure: French sociologist Little Noe

British educator Percy Neng

Little's point of view: based on the natural instinct of survival and reproduction, animals pass on "experience" and "skills" to small animals, which is the original form and origin of education.

Percy can's point of view: the origin is attributed to the instinctive behavior of animals,

Because of the innate biological behavior similar to animal instinct, the process of education is an instinctive process according to biological laws, which completely denies the difference between people and animals and the sociality of education.

The Origin of the Mind says: The representative figure is American educator Lu Meng.

Viewpoint: Education in primitive society "generally adopts simple unconscious imitation." In this primitive community, children's unconscious imitation of older members is the initial development of education.

On the origin of labor: representatives: Bishop, Hill, Max Dessault, plekhanov.

Viewpoint: Labor has created a demand for literary activities. People's activities are accompanied by a conscious purpose, which is set for some needs. Third, labor is an important part of literary description.

The Origin of "Picking Up" Education

1 theory of biological origin

Main representatives: French philosopher and sociologist Little Knohl and British educator Percy Neng.

Key points: Educational activities exist not only in human society, but also in the animal kingdom. The emergence of human social education is a biological process, biological impulse is the main driving force of education, and human social education is the inheritance, perfection and development of animal kingdom. Education comes from animal instinct, which is the instinctive need of racial development.

2 psychological origin theory

The main representative: Lu Meng, a famous American educator, said that the origin of educational psychology was based on criticizing the origin of educational biology.

Main points: Meng Lu explained the origin of education from the perspective of psychology, and thought that the forms and methods of primitive education were mainly children's unconscious imitation of adult life in daily life.

3 labor origin theory (social origin theory)

Main representatives: Soviet educationists Midinsky and Kailov. The theory of labor origin is formed under the guidance of Marxist historical materialism on the basis of directly criticizing the theory of biological origin and the theory of psychological origin.

Key points:

First, human education originated from the needs of labor and labor process;

Second, education is a unique social activity of human society;

Thirdly, education is restricted by the development of human language and consciousness; Fourth, since the birth of education, its function is to transmit the experience of production and life formed in the process of labor.

(10) The representative of the origin theory of educational psychology is extended reading;

The process of education starts from a person's birth and lasts for a lifetime, bringing lasting and profound changes to people. Some people even think that education can start earlier. Some parents influence the growing fetus in the uterus through external words and music, and carry out prenatal education, hoping to give their children a positive and healthy development.

Multiple Examinations of the Essence of Education

(1) Connotation: The so-called essence of education refers to the fundamental feature that education, as a social activity, is different from other social activities, that is, the question of "what is education". It reflects the inherent stipulation of educational activities, that is, the fundamental characteristics of educational activities.

(2) Four views on the essence of education: superstructure theory; Productivity theory; Special category theory; Multiple attribute theory.

(3) Human education is social and purposeful, which is essentially different from animal instinct education. The essence of human education is a purposeful social activity to cultivate people. Mainly manifested in the following three points. First, education is a unique social phenomenon of human beings. Second, education is to cultivate the educated consciously, purposefully and consciously. Thirdly, there is a relationship among educators, educatees and educational influence.

The only feature of macro education is "focusing on people's quality and ability", which shows that judging whether an activity is education is not the result. In reality, not all educational activities can achieve the expected results, and some even fail. However, some activities, such as research activities and publicity activities, can affect people's quality and ability, but they are not recognized as educational activities.

When people hold different positions and pay attention to people's quality and ability, they can look at people's quality and ability from both positive and negative aspects, develop and strengthen some people's quality and ability positively, and weaken and restrain some people's quality and ability negatively.

People's qualities and abilities can be divided into congenital and acquired. Innate, like other animals, is created by the long-term evolution of nature. What is obtained can be divided into two situations, one is obtained or realized unintentionally; Secondly, it was deliberately made by people. Macro-education summarizes all activities deliberately carried out for people's quality and ability.

In the field of education, there are various definitions of "education", which can be said that different people have different opinions. Generally speaking, people define "education" from two different angles, one is the social angle and the other is the individual angle.

The former Soviet Union and China generally define "education" from a social perspective, while educators in Britain and the United States generally define "education" from an individual perspective. To define "education" from a social perspective, we can divide the definition of "education" into different levels:

(1) In a broad sense, any activity that improves people's knowledge and skills and affects people's ideology and morality is education. "Education" is regarded as a subsystem in the whole social system, which distributes and undertakes certain social functions.

The most essential understanding of education is the knowledge instillation and behavior guidance of people's thoughts by society; First, the object of education is people; Second, the content must be benign and meaningful. So that people can transform society.

(2) Narrow sense: refers to the sublimation of individual spirit. This definition emphasizes the influence of social factors on individual development. Defining "education" from a personal point of view is often equivalent to an individual's learning or development process.

(3) In a narrow sense, it mainly refers to school education, which refers to the activities of educators to influence the educated physically and mentally in a purposeful, planned and organized way according to the requirements of a certain society or class, and to cultivate them into people needed by a certain society or class. This mainly refers to the exam-oriented education in China campus.

Education is a practical activity to promote individual socialization and social individualization under a certain social background.