Flaubert inherited the tradition of realism and is famous for his meticulous and ruthless portrayal of the psychological state of characters. He tried not to reveal his feelings when dissecting characters and reality. Flaubert is also a master of French literature, and his writing is regarded as a model of the French. He advocated "making a person or a thing clear in a few words". In order to temper sentences, he always goes to great pains to make sure that they are concise and appropriate.
Ivan? Sergeyevich? Turgenev (18 18 ~ 1883)
Russian critical realist writer19th century was born into a hereditary aristocratic family. 1833 joined the literature department of Moscow university, and one year later transferred to the Chinese major of the philosophy department of Petersburg university. After graduation, he went to Berlin University in Germany to study philosophy, history, Greece and Latin.
1In the spring of 843, Turgenev published a long narrative poem "Balasha", which was well received by belinsky, and they established a profound friendship.
1847 ~ 185 1 year, he published his famous work Hunter's Notes in the progressive journal Modern People. It appears in the form of prose written by a hunter while hunting, including 25 short stories. While describing the rural scenery, living customs and farmers' images, the book profoundly exposes the ugly and cruel nature of landlords who seem to be civilized and kind, and is full of sympathy for the bullied working people, writing their wisdom and kindness. The anti-serfdom tendency of this work angered the authorities, who arrested and exiled Turgenev because he published an article commemorating Nikolai Gogol and violated the censorship regulations. During his detention, he wrote the famous anti-slavery short story Jiang Mumu.
The fifties and seventies of 19 were the heyday of Turgenev's creation. His novels have been published one after another: Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), Eve before (1860) and Father and Son (1860). Luo Ting, his first novel, created another "superfluous man" image after onegin and Pickering, but the difference is that Luo Ting died in the street fighting in Paris in June 1848. Father and Son is Turgenev's masterpiece. It reflects the "father-son" relationship representing different social class forces, describes the "old times" of Kirsha Novo, a representative of the pro-British liberal aristocracy, and shapes a new generation of representative-civilian intellectual Bazarov. But Bazarov is also full of contradictions. He is a rebel of the old system and a "nihilist" who denies all old traditions and ideas. He claimed to fight, but he didn't act. After the novel came out, it caused a heated debate in the literary world.
Since 1960s, Turgenev has spent most of his time in Western Europe, and made many famous writers and artists, such as Zola, Mo Bosang, Dude, Goncourt and so on. Participated in the "International Literature Conference" held in Paris and was elected as the vice chairman (the chairman is Victor? Hugo). Turgenev is a bridge between Russian literature and European literature.
Turgenev is a writer with unique artistic style. He is good at both delicate psychological description and lyricism. The novel is rigorous in structure, compact in plot and vivid in characters, especially good at depicting women's artistic images in detail, and his description of charming nature is also poetic.
Zola,/kloc-an important French critical realist writer and the main advocate of naturalistic literary theory in the second half of the 9th century. He wrote dozens of novels in his life, the representative work of which is Germination.
Zola's creation and world outlook are full of contradictions: on the one hand, he criticizes the existing system, on the other hand, he has unrealistic illusions about capitalist society. His creation has its own characteristics from theory to practice. The early short story collection Ninon (1864) and the novel Confessions of Claude (1865) are all inseparable from the imitation of romantic writers. Later, he gradually became interested in realism and naturalism. Under the influence of Turner's environmental determinism and Claude Bernard's genetic theory, his naturalism theory was formed: he advocated writing through scientific experiments to analyze human physiology and anatomy; When writing, a writer should record the facts in real life indifferently, without mixing subjective feelings. But in Zola's view, naturalism and realism are both tendencies.
Inspired by Balzac's Comics on the Earth, he created a set of 6 million-word magnum opus "The Lugon-Macard Family" consisting of 20 novels, which reflected all aspects of French society in the second imperial era. The most important ones are "Germination" which describes the strike struggle and "Collapse" which reflects the Franco-Prussian War, the collapse of the Second Empire and the uprising of the Paris Commune. He also wrote the trilogy A Tale of Three Cities, Lourde (1894), Rome (1896), Paris (1898), and the first three of the four gospels: Reproduction (65438+). Zola died of gas poisoning on September 29th, 1902/KLOC-0. His inn, Nana, money and women's paradise are also famous.
1908, the government of the French Republic held a state funeral for Zola for his outstanding contribution to French literature before his death, and let him enter the Great Hall.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749- 1832) was the most important German and European writer from the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century. His life spanned two centuries, which coincided with the great social turmoil and changes in Europe. The gradual disintegration of the feudal system and the continuous rise of revolutionary forces prompted Goethe to constantly accept the influence of advanced ideological trends, thus deepening his understanding of society and creating the best contemporary works.
Dude (1840-1897) was a French realistic writer in the second half of the 9th century. Born in a ruined silk merchant family in the south of France, forced by poverty, he made a living alone at the age of fifteen. First, I worked as a student self-study counselor in a primary school. Later, he came to Paris, engaged in literary creation, and lived a poor young literati life. 1866, the collection of short stories "The Mill Letters" was published, which attracted people's attention. 1868, the novel Little Things was published, which was a great success. Dude won the reputation of a famous novelist. The mill sketch takes the daily life of Dodd's hometown of Provence as the theme, describes the distress and misfortune of little people in capitalist society, and expresses the author's nostalgia for the natural scenery and customs of his hometown. "Little Things" semi-autobiographically describes the author's experience of having to make a living in adolescence because of family decline, and depicts the cold relationship between people in capitalist society with a playful and humorous style.
1870, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and Dude was drafted into the army. 1873, another famous collection of short stories published by him, Tales of the Moon Demon, was set in this war. Among them, "The Last Lesson" and "The Surrounding of Berlin" are well-known for their profound patriotic content and exquisite artistic skills, and they have become masterpieces of the world's short stories. The Last Lesson describes a rural primary school in Alsace province, which was ceded to Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War. "Farewell to the Last French Class of the Motherland Language" vividly shows the French people's suffering from foreign rule and their love for the motherland through the self-narration of an innocent primary school student. Although the theme of the work is small, it is carefully cut, properly described and deeply explored. Little Franz's psychological activities are described in a delicate and touching way. As a typical patriotic intellectual, Mr. Hamel, a teacher, has a vivid image.
Du De wrote nearly a hundred short stories in his life. Each article is generally two or three thousand words, with concise and vivid writing, rich and colorful themes, novel and ingenious ideas and elegant style.