The Cabinet was founded in Yongle period. Although Yongle had Hongwu's ambition and strength to monopolize power, due to repeated expeditions (imagine the absurdity of transporting documents from the capital to Mobei), he could not really monopolize political affairs, so an "auxiliary" organization, the Cabinet, came into being to help the emperor. At first, the cabinet was just a secretarial body, but soon the power of Xuande (Sanyang Fuzheng) began to rise. Although orthodoxy was repeated in the last years, by the time of Chenghua and Hongzhi, the cabinet had become the representative of the civilian government that could resist the imperial power. Zheng De was as belligerent as Emperor Yangdi, but he was not confused by Yang Tinghe and other cabinet elders. After the development of Jiajing and Qin Long, the early years of Wanli should be a period of extremely prosperous cabinet power. Zhang political reform made the cabinet the center of government operation, and its position was actually close to that of modern prime minister. 1402, Ming Chengzu, who just seized the throne from his nephew, made two major decisions in order to consolidate his power. One is to move the capital to his sphere of influence, the other is to form a cabinet. In this way, a national advisory body was formally established. In the past, the Prime Minister had decision-making power, deliberation power and administrative power. After Ming Chengzu established the cabinet, he firmly held the decision-making power owned by the prime minister in his own hands, delegated the deliberation power to the cabinet, and delegated the administrative power to six ministries. There are judicial, military and administrative departments at the local level, which are directly responsible to the six departments. Under the control of Cheng Zu, the Cabinet and the six ministries performed their respective duties. The highest administrative order of the state was issued from the Forbidden City, passing through 1936 stations nationwide, with a total length of 143700 km, and distributed to all corners of the empire at different levels. Later, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, a more perfect government process was formed: the memorials of the whole country, large and small, and even the suggestions made by the people to the emperor were summarized by the General Political Department, submitted to the emperor by the master of ceremonies, and then submitted to the cabinet, which was responsible for drafting and handling opinions, then submitted to the emperor for approval by the master of ceremonies, and finally signed by six proofreaders. The cabinet minister's proposal is written on a piece of paper and pasted on it, which is called "draft ballot". The emperor used the scarlet letter as an instruction, which was called "approving the red". According to the regulations, the emperor only approved a few books, and most of the "red batches" were ghostwritten by eunuchs of Silijian according to the emperor's meaning. In the past, it was strictly forbidden for eunuchs to read and write. Ming Xuanzong not only changed this rule, but also set up a special eunuch school in the palace with his encouragement. Later generations speculated that the purpose of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty was to let eunuchs contain the power of the cabinet. Over time, a strange political model appeared. We found that the institutions of the Ming court and the imperial court were completely symmetrical. There is a cabinet outside, a Li Si supervisor inside, a three-law department outside, Dongchang and Royal Guards inside, governors and governors sent by the imperial court outside, and eunuchs sent by the imperial court to local areas are also eunuchs and eunuchs. In this way, the inner court and the outer court restrict each other, ensuring the emperor's decision-making position. But this has also caused the two major political forces at home and abroad to fight for power and profit. This building in the east of the Forbidden City was called Wenyuan Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty is located here. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang, a cabinet official, made the most humble house in the Forbidden City famous. The cabinet working in Wenyuange became the actual government decision-maker. On the surface, it seems that the routine process of the government has not changed, but the decision-making power has shifted. How did Zhang do it? First of all, Emperor Wanli was still a child. As the emperor's teacher, Zhang easily influenced the emperor's decision. In addition, Wanli's "red criticism" was completed under the guidance of the ceremony supervision and was closely related to Zhang. Zhang inspires others with his own views, writes a paper, and then endorses it himself. There is no problem for the young emperor to criticize the red. In this way, the minister's "memorial", the cabinet minister's "draft" and the emperor's "red criticism" were all controlled by Zhang, reaching unprecedented consistency. His new policy will be carried out smoothly without any obstacles. From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the administrative center of the Ming Dynasty changed in the Forbidden City, and the alternation of power affected the national luck of the Ming Dynasty. Plots for power and profit occur from time to time. Through the efforts of several emperors, the Ming Dynasty once formed a complete government system, which was perfect in terms of power checks and balances. Today, people call the highest administrative organs of all countries to handle state affairs, and according to this custom, they are still called cabinets. The word cabinet has become synonymous with the head of government.
Hanlin is a forest of literati, which means literary garden. The word Hanlin first appeared in Yang Xiong's Yang Changfu. With its famous ministers, it began in the Tang Dynasty. Hanlinyuan in Tang dynasty
China established the Imperial Academy in the Tang Dynasty to serve all kinds of talents. In the early Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty chose courtiers who were good at writing and lived in Hanlin to draft the imperial edict system, and then gradually evolved into an important institution to draft the confidential imperial edict system. The incumbent was called the imperial edict. The system of drafting imperial edicts was originally the full-time job of calligraphers in China, but Tang Xuanzong felt that the system of drafting imperial edicts by calligraphers in China was difficult to keep secret and meet urgent needs, so he once selected close officials who were good at literature to serve as imperial edicts in the Hanlin Academy to draft urgent imperial edicts (and write poems). In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), Hanlin College was built for those who drafted imperial edicts. Servants are called Hanlin Bachelor (hereinafter referred to as Bachelor) and have no rank. At first, there were no posts. Later, according to the example of Mr. Scheeren in China's book, six bachelors were appointed, and one of them was chosen as a successor with deeper qualifications. After the Anshi Rebellion, military affairs were frequent, and the position of Hanlin bachelor became more and more important. He not only divided the rights of the transferor in the Han Dynasty in drafting the imperial edict, but also divided the rights of the prime minister in the aspect of intrigue between aides and staff. After Tang Xianzong, Bachelor of Hanlin was often promoted to Prime Minister. After the establishment of the bachelor's college, there is a clear division of labor with the Zhongshu Sheren College. The bachelor drafted a military imperial edict system, such as the appointment and removal of ministers, the announcement of Amnesty, and the order of conquest, which was called internal system; What Mr. Scheeren drafted in his Chinese book is the appointment and dismissal of ordinary officials and routine proclamations, which is called the diplomatic system. There are two envoys in the academy who are eunuchs (or envoys of the Imperial Academy), which play the role of communication between the emperor and the Imperial Academy and have great political influence. At the end of Jin Dynasty, in the fifth year of Tianfu (940), he announced the abolition of Hanlin's bachelor degree, and the right to draft imperial edict system was returned to China calligraphers, but it was quickly restored. Song Dynasty Song Dynasty established a bachelor's college along the Tang Dynasty, also known as Hanlin Bachelor's College, sometimes called Hanlin Academy. In fact, the Hanlin bachelor served as the emperor's adviser, and many prime ministers were selected from the Hanlin bachelor. The Hanlin bachelor in the early Northern Song Dynasty also had no rank. After Yuanfeng's political reform, Bachelor's Hanlin and Bachelor's Hanlin became official posts, and they were not allowed to hold other official posts, specializing in drafting internal systems, such as taking the title of knowledge system. Because the bachelor's college in Tang Dynasty was separated from imperial academy, it was sometimes called imperial academy in Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there appeared another imperial academy who specialized in worshipping art, but he had nothing to do with imperial academy, a bachelor's college. Xixia set up Hanlin bachelor's college, and its officials included bachelor's degree. Among the officials in northern Liaoning, there is the Imperial Academy, which is in charge of Chinese documents and prison affairs. The officers are Hanlin Bachelor and Hanlin Bachelor. Jin Tiande three years (1 15 1), set up Hanlin bachelor's college, set up Hanlin bachelor's career, Hanlin bachelor's degree and so on. , and is responsible for drafting letters and other matters. Imperial college
Xixia, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Xixia State once had Hanlin Bachelor's College, and officials had bachelor's degrees. Among the southern officials in Liao Dynasty, there was the Hanlin Academy, which was in charge of Chinese documents and prison affairs, and officials included the Hanlin bachelor and Hanlin bachelor's career. Rulers set up Hanlin bachelor's college, Hanlin bachelor's career, Hanlin bachelor's degree, and so on. The Imperial Academy, the National History Academy and the Mongolian Imperial Academy were established in the Yuan Dynasty, and the officials were the same as those in the Jin Dynasty, who were responsible for writing letters patent, compiling national history and translating letters. Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty is the golden age of rapid development of Hanlin Academy. Officially named the original Imperial Academy as the Imperial Academy, which has nothing to do with miscellaneous sacrifices such as Quyi and geisha. In charge of the preparation of letters patent, historical records, literary works, examination system, detailed documents and emperor's advisers. The chief officer is a bachelor of Hanlin, including a bachelor of reading, a bachelor of lecturing, an editor, a proofreader and other officials. And Jishi Shu who is qualified to be an academician. In the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Academy was designated as a five-level yamen. Hanlin's rank is very low, but he is regarded as a noble choice. If Hanlin enters the Wen Yuan Pavilion to participate in the secret, it will be even more expensive. In the Epitaph of Yuan Gong (Yuan Keli) on the Shangshu Festival of the Ministry of War written by Kong Mingyun, the senior minister of the Ming Dynasty said, "Give Jinshi, discuss doctors, deputy Zhan Shifu, and be a bachelor of the Imperial Academy, catalog six chapters of daily life management, and write articles in the exhibition of Wenhua Hall, instructing the former right spring workshop and the right son to take charge of the affairs and banquets of Nanjing Imperial Academy. In the Qing Dynasty, imperial academy was established because of the Ming system. There are two bachelors in my home school, one is Manchu and the other is Han, starting from the second grade. The bachelor of Qing Zhangyuan is not responsible for literary writing, but is the nominal chief of officials below the bachelor's degree, which is different from the bachelor of Hanlin in Tang and Song Dynasties. However, an official is not only easier to be promoted than other officials, but also takes the south study and the upper study. Because of the emperor, the prince and the nearest prince, they are given preferential treatment and good treatment.
Shuntianfu is the highest local administrative organ in Beijing, so the position of magistrate is particularly prominent. Its level is three, two or three levels higher than that of ordinary magistrate, and it is managed by ministers such as Shangshu and Assistant Minister. Zhengsanpin yamen uses bronze seal, Shuntianfu uses silver seal, and he is the governor of the same yamen. Although the 24 counties led by Shuntianfu are all within the jurisdiction of Zhili Governor, there is no subordinate relationship between the magistrate and the Governor. The area outside Beijing's city wall is under the "dual leadership" of Zhili Governor's yamen and Shuntianfu Yamen, and major measures should be handled by yamen. In Beijing, the governor of Zhili has no right to ask. ? The biggest feature of Beijing's urban administrative system in the Qing Dynasty was that Manchu and Han lived in separate cities and ruled separately. The "Banners" all live in the inner city and Sanying in the western suburbs, while the Han nationality and other ethnic minorities live in the outer city. The outer city is divided into five cities and ten squares, so people have the saying "within the Eight Banners and outside the five cities".
Zhan's house is the institution in charge of the affairs of the queen and the prince's family (East Palace).
Fengtianfu
find
1644 (the first year of Qing Shunzhi), the Qing government moved its capital to Beijing, and Shengjing became the "capital" of the Qing government. Political status declines and economic status rises. 1657 (14th year of Qing Shunzhi), Fengtianfu (General Fengtian) was established in Shengjing. Since then, Shenyang has also been called Fengtian.
Jurisdiction area
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906) in August, some areas were separated from Xinmin House, Liaoyang House and Haicheng County, and A Niu Road Town (now Liaozhong Town) was established. Soon, the southwest of Chengde County was included, and Liaozhong County was established, belonging to Fengtianfu. In the late Qing Dynasty, the government ruled Chengde and Xingren (now Shenyang, Liaoning). Jurisdiction over Chengde (now the eastern part of Shenyang, Liaoning Province), Xingren (now the western part of Shenyang, Liaoning Province), Kaiyuan (now kaiyuan city, Liaoning Province), Tieling (now Tieling, Liaoning Province), Haicheng (now Haicheng, Liaoning Province) and Gaiping (now gaizhou city, Liaoning Province); Liaoyang (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), Fuzhou (now Fuzhouwan Town, wafangdian city City, Liaoning Province) and Jinzhou (now Jinzhou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province) are three scattered states; Yingkou (now Yingkou City, Liaoning Province) 1 Hall.
Imperial academy is the central official school after the Sui Dynasty in ancient China and the highest institution of learning in the ancient education system in China. In the Ming Dynasty, imperial academy was established in Beijing and Nanjing because the capital moved northward, so imperial academy in Nanjing was called Nanjian or Nanyong, and imperial academy in Beijing was called Beijian or Beiyong. Imperial academy was founded in Dade Decade of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1306). It was the highest administrative organ of national management education in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and the highest institution of higher learning established by the state.
In the Qing dynasty, officials attached great importance to their grades. At that time, officials were divided into nine categories, and each category was divided into positive categories and sub-categories, so-called nine categories and eighteen grades. Those who can't fall into nine categories are called unworthy. Positive five products? Around the spring room around the bastard, Guanglu Temple, Qin Zheng, six subjects to things, ministries and hospitals, the government knows each other, Zhili.
Astronomical Committee
Official signature. Observe astronomical phenomena, calculate solar terms and make calendars. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern Dynasties, the Emperor Tai Shang belonged to the Taishiling Star Calendar. Sui secretary provincial Taishi Cao, Yang-ti changed Cao to supervisor. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Taishi supervisor was changed to Taishi Bureau, and the successor was renamed Secretary Pavilion, Mixed Day Supervisor, Mixed Justice Supervisor, or Secretary Province several times. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), it was re-established as Taishi Bureau and was the secretary province. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), it was renamed Si Tiantai. In the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty, it was called Division, and Yuanfeng was changed to Taishi Bureau after restructuring. The official in southern Liaoning has a supervisor of the Ministry of Heaven, and the gold is called the Tiantai of the Ministry, which belongs to the supervisor of the Department. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was imperial academy, which was juxtaposed with Si Tianjian and Hui Sijian.
Established in the early Ming Dynasty, it was renamed Qin, with officials such as supervisor and deputy supervisor, and western missionaries participated in the work at the end of the year. In the Qing Dynasty, the management supervisor was a senior official, and the supervisor and deputy supervisor were both from China and Manchu, with the participation of western missionaries. At the beginning of Qianlong, the deputy supervisors were divided into Manchu, Chinese and Western. After that, Huaxi people either returned or died, and no outsiders were needed to enter the official.