Xu Zhimo is a representative poet of Crescent School and a member of Crescent Poetry Society. 19 15 graduated from Hangzhou No.1 Middle School and studied in Shanghai Hujiang University, Tianjin Beiyang University and Peking University successively. 19 18 went to the United States to study banking. 192 1 went to study in the uk and became a special student at Cambridge university in London, studying political economy. My two years in Cambridge were deeply influenced by western education and romantic and aesthetic poets in Europe and America.
192 1 Start writing new poems.
1922 After returning to China, he published a lot of poems in newspapers and periodicals.
1923, participated in the establishment of crescent society and joined the literature research society.
1924 founded Modern Poetry Review with Hu Shi and Chen Xiying, and was hired as Professor Peking University. Translated by Tagore, a great Indian poet, when he visited China.
From 65438 to 0925, he went to Europe and traveled to the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, France and other countries.
From 65438 to 0926, he was the editor-in-chief of the supplement of Morning News Poetry Magazine, and started the metrical movement of new poetry with Wen Yiduo and Zhu Xiang, which influenced the development of new poetry art. In the same year, he moved to Shanghai and served as a professor at Guanghua University, Daxia University and Nanjing Central University.
1927 participated in the establishment of Crescent Bookstore. The following year, he served as editor-in-chief after the publication of New Moon. And travel abroad to Britain, the United States, Japan, India and other countries.
65438-0930 Member of China Cultural Fund Committee, elected member of British Poetry Society. In the winter of the same year, he taught in Peking University and Peking Women's University.
193 1 At the beginning of the year, he founded Poetry Quarterly with Chen and Fang, and was elected as the director of China Branch of Pen Club. In June of the same year165438+1October 19, I flew from Nanjing to Peiping. Because I hit a mountain near Jinan in the fog, my plane crashed and I was killed. Coincidentally, the crashed plane was called "Jinan". Cai Yuanpei wrote elegiac couplet for him:
Conversation is poetry, action is poetry, and you can travel all your life.
It is poetry, and its meaning has penetrated, and it has its own oriental soil;
You can die by boat, you can die by car, and you can lie in the compartment.
Those who can die or die in an airplane accident need not be regarded as afraid of the road.
His collection of poems includes: Poems by Zhi Mo, Cold Night, Tiger, Wandering in the Clouds;
Prose collections include: Leaves, Scales in Paris, Anatomy, Autumn and Roulette;
The novel Spring Scar;
Drama Bian Kungang (co-written with Lu Xiaoman), Diary Ai Xiaomei Miscellaneous, Diary of Zhimo;
Translate Mansfield's novels, etc.
His works have been edited and published as Collected Works of Xu Zhimo.
Xu Shi's poems are fresh, harmonious in rhythm, novel in metaphor, rich in imagination, beautiful in artistic conception, elegant in thought and full of changes. He pursues neatness and splendor in artistic form and has a distinct artistic personality. He is a representative poet of the Crescent School. His prose is unique and has achieved no less achievements than poetry. Among them, Self-Anatomy, Want to Fly, Cambridge as I Know It and Chatting in Yushan Residence are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
During the Ming Dynasty, Xu Songting was in business and lived in the ancestor of Xu Zhi. Xu Zhimo is one of his people.
1897 65438+1October 15. Xu Zhimo was born in Shixia Town, Haining County, Zhejiang Province. According to genealogy records, his name is Xu, and the word Jiusen. Because the father is a monkey and the son is also a monkey, I took the fine print. The pen names are Nanhu, Shizhecun, Gu, Xianhe, Jian, Xinshou, Huanggou and Huan. Zhimo was given another name by his father when he went to study in the United States in 19 18. It is said that when I was a child, a monk named Wisdom rubbed his head and predicted that "this man will become a great man in the future". His father was so anxious to make his son successful that he changed his name for him.
Xu Zhimo, the only son of Xu's eldest grandson, lived a comfortable and rich life since childhood. I studied at home when I was a child. At the age of eleven, I entered Shi Xia Qizhi School and studied under Zhang Shusen. I laid the foundation of ancient Chinese, and my grades have always been the first in my class.
19 10, Xu zhimo was fourteen years old and left his hometown for Hangzhou. Introduced by his uncle Shen Junru, he was admitted to Hangzhou High School (19 13 was renamed as Zhejiang No.1 Middle School, now Hangzhou Senior High School in Zhejiang Province) and was in the same class as Yu Dafu. He loves literature, and published a paper "On the Relationship between Fiction and Society" in the first issue of the school magazine "Friends", thinking that novels are beneficial to society and "should be promoted as much as possible", which is the first work in his life. At the same time, he is interested in science. And published articles such as Radium Ingot and the History of the Earth.
19 15 In the summer, Xu Zhimo graduated from Zhejiang No.1 Middle School and later entered Shanghai Baptist College and Theological Seminary (predecessor of Hujiang University, now Shanghai University of Technology). In the same year 10, he was arranged by his family to marry Zhang Youyi, the daughter of Zhang Runzhi, the richest man in Luodian County.
Xu Zhimo, who is active by nature, did not finish the course of Baptist College with peace of mind. 19 16 autumn, left Shanghai to study law in Tianjin Beiyang University Preparatory School. The following year, the law department of Beiyang University was merged into Peking University, and Xu Zhimo was transferred to Peking University. During his two years in the north, he added new contents to his life and injected new factors into his thoughts. In this institution of higher learning, he not only studied law, but also studied Japanese, French and political science, dabbled in Chinese and foreign literature, and ignited his interest in literature. During this period, he made many friends and met many celebrities. Introduced by Zhang Junmai and Zhang Gongquan, he worshipped Liang Qichao as his teacher. He also held a grand ceremony to learn from the teacher. Liang Qichao had a great influence on Xu Zhimo's life and played an important role in Xu Zhimo's mind. Although Liang Xu is a close master-apprentice relationship, there are still ideological differences between them. Xu Zhimo, who accepted the bourgeois idea of democracy and freedom, put down his body desperately to pursue his ideal life and strive for the freedom of marriage and love.
When he was a university student in the north, he personally experienced the scene of warlord scuffle and witnessed the slaughter of innocent people. He hates this society, "smearing the purple sky at dusk in the western hills, and also smearing the shame of this man becoming a beast" (Xu Zhimo: the second battle song of "Man Becomes a Beast"). He made up his mind to study abroad, seek a prescription to change the reality of China and carry out his "ideal revolution".
Xu Zhimo left Peking University (19 14, August 2008, Xu Zhimo's "A Record of Going to America") with patriotic enthusiasm of "applying what he has learned to serve the country", and in June 2008, 19 14 left Shanghai to study in the United States. In the first year of studying abroad, I entered Hearst Clark University in the United States. He entered the history department and took sociology, economics, history and other courses in order to be a "Hamilton" in China in the future. Ten months after I entered school, I graduated with a bachelor's degree and a first-class honor award. However, he is not satisfied with this. That year, he transferred to the Graduate School of Columbia University in new york and entered the Department of Economics. Xu Zhimo has gained extensive knowledge of philosophy and politics. That year, the wave of the May 4th Revolution also spread to China students studying in the United States. Driven by patriotism, Xu Zhimo took part in patriotic activities organized by local students and often read magazines such as New Youth and Trendy. At the same time, his interest in learning gradually shifted from politics to literature, so he got a master's degree in literature.
Xu Zhimo stayed in the United States for two years, but he was tired of the madness, greed and material desire of the bourgeoisie in American capitalist society. He was attracted by the British philosopher Russell, and finally "got rid of the temptation of Columbia University's doctorate and bought a boat to cross the Atlantic. Unexpectedly, the unexpected changes in Russell's personal life prevented him from realizing his long-cherished wish to learn from Russell. As a result, he "stayed at the London School of Economics and Political Science for half a year" and was bored and wanted to change his way. Thanks to Dickinson's introduction and recommendation, Xu Zhimo entered the Royal College of Cambridge University as a special student.
Xu Zhimo also lived in England for two years. His life in England, especially in Cambridge, had an important influence on his life's thought and was a turning point in the development of his thought. In Cambridge, he deeply felt that "the beauty and tranquility of nature, harmony unexpectedly drowned your soul in the tacit understanding of starlight and waves" (Xu Zhimo: Cambridge as I know it). Xu Zhimo is obsessed with Cambridge and nature because he thinks that the real society is ugly, life is painful and only nature is pure and beautiful. The best way to cure this society and people, as well as the embarrassment of current life, is to leave the degraded civilization and return to the simplicity of nature. Only by approaching nature can we restore human childlike innocence and alleviate social symptoms.
He received a bourgeois aristocratic education and a "smoking culture" in Cambridge. He worships England very much and likes Oxford and Cambridge very much. He likes to associate with British celebrities. He has extensively dabbled in all kinds of world famous works, and has also been exposed to various schools of thought. During this period, his political ideas and social ideals were cultivated, and his self-consciousness-idealism was born. He wants to be an "uneducated individualist" himself. The environment in Cambridge not only contributed to and formed his social outlook and outlook on life, but also aroused his thirst for knowledge and triggered his creative ideas. He began to translate literary works. He translated several short stories by British writer Mansfield, the novel The Swirl Boy by German Fogo, the stories of Wu Jiarang and Ni Alan in medieval France, the Dead City by Italian writer Danon Wu Xue, and the Gandhi by Voltaire. At the same time, he was full of poetry and wrote many poems. His "The fury of spiritual revolution washes on both sides of your charming river" and "Xu Zhimo: Goodbye to Cambridge"). His idols are no longer Hamilton in America, but Shelley and Byron in England. He changed his face and joined the ranks of poets. )
Cambridge moonlight
Xu Zhimo and his poems have no family background or personal hobbies. However, during his study in Cambridge University, England, he was uncharacteristically writing more than once, which led to the outbreak of his poetry creation. Although he wrote so many poems during this period, only twenty or thirty poems are scattered in some newspapers and magazines, and most of them have been lost. However, from the limited poems we can still see, we can also get a glimpse of Xu Zhimo's early poems and his thoughts.
At this time, why did Xu Zhimo write poems like he was possessed? How did he write poetry in generate?
First of all, it has something to do with his living environment at that time. It was the Cambridge environment in which he lived that aroused his interest in poetry and ignited his desire for creation. He said, "I'm really happy in Cambridge. I'm afraid I'll never get such a sweet baptism again in my life." Smoking and culture. So during this period, he created such works as Summer and Summer Field. Secondly, at this time, his personal life "shines with strange moonlight".
In the autumn of 192 1, he met the forest of "beautiful women" and "talented women". Xu Zhimo had a close relationship with her, and then talked about love and marriage. Therefore, Xu Zhimo filed for divorce with Zhang Youyi in March 1922, arguing that the two should not continue their married life without love and freedom. Free divorce, stopping suffering and foretelling happiness are Xu Zhimo's simple idealism. He is pursuing an ideal life. He feels that life seems to be "shocked by great power", he wants to express, he wants to sing. Therefore, love and love are represented as Love Dead, Listening to the Piano on a Moonlit Night, Miscellaneous Notes on Youth and Spring Breeze Breaking the Dream of Spring. In addition, he tends to write in different languages, because he is exposed to a lot of English literature and art, and the works of Byron, Shelley, Keats and Hardy fascinate him. He blew this "strange wind"-the European wind, and he followed their path, so with the help of poetry, his thoughts and feelings were "strange".
Therefore, Xu Zhimo especially misses this period of life in Cambridge, England. He is full of excitement and excitement. He wrote many poems, and his poetic situation is reflected in his long poem Dew on the Grass. This is his earliest poem that we have seen so far. This poem not only expresses his ambition and interest at that time, but also vividly conveys the turbulent state of his poetry. He opened the fountain of creation and sang with his throat. Therefore, he will become a poet. On the whole, these early poems are fresh in tone and lofty in artistic conception, which embodies "the call of youth and the bright hope" (Xu Zhimo: spring). At the same time, we began to explore the form of new poetry from many aspects. Poetry has various forms, but it has not yet been finalized. There are free poems, new metrical poems, western poems and even poems without punctuation. However, they emphasize the symmetry and neatness of rhyme, rhythm and format, and demand "smooth and pleasant tone and light and soft form", which is the consistent pursuit of Xu Zhimo's poems.
Although he was fascinated by life in Cambridge, England, his homesickness and homesickness haunted him, so he left Europe on August 1922 and set off for home. On the way home, I stopped in Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan for two months, and arrived in Shanghai on June 65438+1October 65438+May.
After returning to China, Xu Zhimo started another life. The disturbance of the real society disturbs his inner balance, and sometimes he feels mentally bored and anxious. So he told his feelings and experiences and started his literary career.
Zhimo's poems
1922 After Xu Zhimo returned to China in the autumn, his poems continued to be written and published in various magazines. Poems of Zhimo is the first book of poems compiled by Xu Zhimo himself, most of which are works from 1922 to 1924. The publication of this collection of poems made him famous. In this collection of poems, we can see Xu Zhimo's life and thoughts in the early days of returning to China, as well as his "feelings beyond words". Roughly: expressing ideals and expressing love; Expose social darkness and express sympathy for working people; Explore the philosophy of life; And lyricism about the scenery.
He is full of Cambridge-style life ideals in England and hopes to realize his idealism in China. The Happiness of Snowflakes is the first collection of poems by Xu Zhimo, which can be regarded as one of the representative works of Xu Zhimo's early poems. The author described the beautiful image of snowflake, and vividly wrote the happiness of snowflake with handsome writing. This poem has a brisk rhythm, clear tone and beautiful artistic conception.
Others are looking for stars, this is a cowardly world, I have love, baby, thank you! My heart fluttered again, and other articles, like the happiness of snowflakes, expressed the author's pursuit of ideals. They are not only lyric poems, but also love poems, which show the longing for freedom of life and love. Demanding freedom of life and love is the content of his idealism, so the two are often inseparable. However, there is a distance and irreconcilable contradiction between his idealism and China's social reality. His love with Lin was shattered, and his ideal life and ideal society could not be realized, which made him depressed and demoralized. Therefore, these poems are also shrouded in a sad atmosphere to varying degrees and become "a torrent of irrelevant depression and anger" (Mao Dun: on Xu Zhimo). This negative and pessimistic mood is more obvious in those short poems, such as News, A Weak Star, Ask Who and so on.
1924 In April, the Indian poet Tagore came to China, which had a certain influence on Xu Zhimo's life and creation. He established a friendship with Tagore, who named him Susima. At the end of May, Tagore left Shanghai for Japan, and Xu Zhimo went with him. The poem "Poem Nala on the Shore" in the Collection of Shima Poems was written by him during his stay in Japan. Xu Zhimo is good at lyric poetry and likes to write philosophical poems like Tagore.
Some of Zhimo's poems describe the disparity between the rich and the poor and the miserable life of the poor. Although the number of such poems is small, their contents are relatively substantial, which reflects a certain aspect of social real life and has certain social significance. There are also some lyric poems about scenery in Zhimo's poems, such as cars in Shanghai and Hangzhou.
Generally speaking, this book of poems is not life-oriented, its content is not profound enough, and its thoughts and feelings are not all so positive and healthy. However, judging from its performance skills, "almost all of them are systematic inputs and experiments" (Chen Xiying: Ten Works Since the New Literature Movement). There are various forms of poetry, including long poems, short sentences, free poems and prose poems, and more of them are experiments with western poetic styles. This period is the experimental period of Xu Zhimo's poetic style and the tempering period of his poetic skills. Through exploration and experiment, he showed the poet's talent and unique poetic style.
Xu Zhimo pays great attention to artistic conception when writing poems. Most of his poems in the Collection of Poems of Zhimo have formed their own artistic realm, such as Happiness of Snowflakes. The author combines the subjective feeling of pursuing ideal with the objective natural scenery, thus turning the real scenery into virtual scenery and creating a beautiful artistic realm.
In addition, his poems are vivid and emotional, which is due to his rich imagination. His imagination and metaphor are not only different, but also he can turn seemingly abstract things into vivid, tangible and visible concrete images, such as Poison, White Flag and Baby, three prose poems containing philosophy. He also used his artistic imagination to describe things through this special sensibility.
Zhimo's poems have their own characteristics, successes, shortcomings and failures. Regardless of the content, as far as the form of expression is concerned, some poems are rough and artificial, the rhyme is irregular, and the skills of poetry are not very mature.
Cold jade and tiger wandered in the clouds all night.
One Night Green is Xu Zhimo's second collection of poems, which is part of his collection from 1925 to 1927. During this period, Xu Zhimo's thought and life had a great turning point. 1924 In April, he met Lu Xiaoman and fell in love with her, which caused social criticism and family opposition. But they ignored all this, but it was difficult to solve at the moment. With very painful and contradictory feelings, Xu Zhimo set off for Europe on March 1925, 1 1, hoping to get rid of the distress and predicament in life for the time being. He lived in Florence, Italy for some time. He entrusted his sadness and feelings to paper and pen and wrote many poems. Therefore, this collection of poems was named One Night in the Green. Apart from the poems translated by British writers such as Hardy and Luo Saidi, this collection of poems also includes Siberia and In front of the church in Aikesha. He also wrote many love poems. The Night of Cold Jade can be regarded as a narrative of the emotional entanglement between him and Lu Xiaoman at that time, his warmth and the pain he couldn't get rid of.
1925 and 1926, the revolutionary movement in China flourished, and the May 30th incident was related to the March 30th incident. 18 massacre aroused his "indignation" and "sadness" to commemorate the "three? 18 ",he wrote" Xue Mei Wei Chun ",revealing that warlords slaughtered innocent people and even thirteen-year-old children were killed. In the poems "Marshal" and "Man Becomes a Beast", the bloody crimes of burying wounded soldiers alive and killing people were exposed. His thought experienced "twists and turns" and "doubt and decadence", which he thought was a period of suffering. Therefore, many poems lose their optimistic tone, but are stained with a decadent color of melancholy, disappointment and escapism. He cursed life, praised death, bid farewell to the world and fell in love. Imagination is strange and thoughts are gloomy. Of course, there are also several poems with positive and clear tone in this collection of poems.
This collection of poems, as Wen Yiduo said, "has really improved" in artistic skills. Pay more attention to the formal skills of poetry, except for more diversified poetic styles, such as dialogue style, rammed song style and dried tofu style; Whether it is narrative poetry or lyric poetry, he is fascinated by the syllables and rhythms of poetry.
After Frozen Jade for One Night, Xu Zhimo also published two poems, one is Tiger Collection edited and published by himself 193 1, and the other is Cloud Travel edited and published by others 1932. Most of the poems included in these two collections are Xu Zhimo's later works. After 1927, Xu Zhimo's thought experienced "twists and turns", and his political ideal of bourgeois democratic Republic was completely shattered. On the other hand, he felt fear and resistance to the workers' and peasants' revolution, and his thoughts fell into deep contradiction and despair. During this period, most of his poems were divorced from real life and expressed his own "subtle secrets of the soul". Some poems groan and are full of pessimism. Moreover, his ideological position is against the trend of progressive revolution. He ignored the basic requirements of poetic art and moved naked political concepts into poetry to attack Marxism and proletarian revolutionary literature movement. He relied on Nietzsche's philosophy to encourage himself when he was extremely disillusioned and desperate.
In Tiger and Clouds, the content and form are not unified. Most poems are so vague and lacking in content, but they are increasingly pursuing neatness and formal beauty. No matter in the arrangement of poems, the loud rhyme, the clear rhythm and the careful use of words, it has changed and developed compared with previous poems. In this regard, Mao Dun has a very apt comment: "The mellow appearance is accompanied by almost nothing to say, and this extremely light content is nothing more than sentimental emotions-sadness like smoke, mysterious symbolic attachment and pursuit: these are the characteristics of modern bourgeois poets in the final stage of development, and Zhimo is an outstanding representative of China's literary world" (on Xu Zhimo).
Prose "Running Wild Horse"
Xu Zhimo not only writes poetry, but also writes prose. Among all his creations, his achievements and influence are more remarkable. Besides poetry, prose probably counts. Some people even think that his prose "Running Wild Horse" is better than his poems.
Xu Zhimo has published three collections of essays, Leaves, Self-anatomy and Paris Scale, and a single essay, Autumn, with a total of 33 essays (there are still many in the collection). Except Autumn, which was written in 1929, most of the works in the other three episodes were completed between 1925 and 1926. His prose also covers a wide range, from comments on life ideals to comments on current politics. There are nostalgia and reminiscence for the past, as well as opinions and comments on art, sketches about one thing and one discussion, and book reviews that talk long and short. His prose shows a strong personality, the expression of his thoughts and feelings, the integration of philosophy and poetry, and poetic prose, which are integrated into one, forming the "other world" of his prose.
The first collection of essays, Fallen Leaves, was completed in the flood period of his creation, with eight articles in all, with different contents and different ways of expressing ideas. Talk about life, society, politics, and art … without restraint. The first article, Fallen Leaves, was 1924. During his tenure as a professor in Peking University, he gave a speech at the invitation of Beijing Normal University. He tried to answer the questions raised by young students about how to solve the boring and depressing life. The word "love" runs through the whole story of falling leaves returning to their roots, and promotes the importance and function of human feelings and "true human feelings" In order to make life painless, we have to "arouse the slightest sympathy of mankind" to repair the big net of this poor society. It is based on this bourgeois humanitarianism that Xu Zhimo believes in the infinite role of human feelings in the ontology of life and nature. He believes that if people want to get rid of the distress and oppression of the world, they must strive for a "real and pure personality" that develops freely. The best way is to live and bathe in nature. Therefore, some people say that his poem "Fallen Leaves" is full of romantic confessions and full of expectations for the Cambridge era. (Mu: On Xu Zhimo)
After defoliation, in 1927 and 1928, Xu Zhimo published two collections of essays, The Scale of Paris and Self-anatomy. The contents of these two collections mainly focus on two aspects, writing what he saw and felt when he 1925 traveled abroad in Europe, dissecting and examining his own thoughts and soul. Therefore, both "self" and "feelings" are more prominent and exposed than Ye Ji. Scales and claws in Paris, gossip in Cuishanzhuang, notes on Cambridge and Tianmu Mountain as I know them, smoking and culture. , belongs to the category of lyrical prose writing scenery. Rich interest and fresh emotions gather at the end of the pen, which constitutes the lyrical characteristics of this kind of prose.
Yu Dafu once attributed the common features of Xu Zhimo's essays written by essayists all the way to "autobiographical biographical color" ("China New Literature Series? Introduction of two papers). The first series of Xu Zhimo's Autopsy consists of six articles, most of which can be classified into this category. In these self-analysis essays, the author is open-minded and vivid in writing. However, his tone is low and his understanding is illusory.
Some of Xu Zhimo's prose, like some of his philosophical poems, is full of philosophy and poetry, which makes philosophy and poetry blend together and constitutes another feature of his prose. While enjoying the beautiful scenery alone, the author has been promoting his own view that "human beings should return to nature and be integrated with nature". His class position and political views are obvious.
Another remarkable feature of Xu Zhimo's prose art is that it is difficult to strictly distinguish many of his essays from poems. He sticks poetry and prose together, and it is difficult to separate them. This is his "prose of another poem of his own" (Zhao Jiabi: Zhi Mo for Flying). It is a poetic prose, or poetic prose. This tendency of Xu Zhimo's prose poems is a reflection of his impatience, which is caused by the vibration and stagnation of his thoughts in the process of contacting social reality.
Fiction, drama and translation
In his creative career of nearly ten years, Xu Zhimo not only wrote poems and essays, but also created some novels and plays and engaged in translation. He first published his first novel "An unimportant memory" in February 1923, 1 1, and then wrote some off and on, totaling eleven articles, and then published it as a collection called Roulette, which is his only collection of novels.
His novels are nothing but about the life of overseas students in China and some social fashions abroad. At the same time, some of them are based on some aspects of China's social life, with limited subject matter and limited capacity. His novels mostly use romantic brushwork, paying attention to the exploration of characters' inner feelings and the depiction of psychological activities. In the novel, the author also uses poetic sentence patterns, colorful images and lyrical style, so his works are romantic and lyrical, with "unique brilliance" (Shen Congwen: Roulette? Preface) style. Some of his novels are too brief, close to sketching and not so "complete"; Some are just "straightforward, without twists and turns, with little change." ("roulette? It must be pointed out that most of his novels are about the common love between men and women, and rarely touch on the sharp problems of universal significance in society at that time.
Xu Zhimo also enthusiastically advocated drama activities. 1923 when the crescent society was founded, he actively organized drama activities, founded drama magazines, acted in plays, but rarely wrote plays. He only wrote one play, Bian Kungang, which was co-written with Lu Xiaoman. There is no big impact. In Xu Zhimo's literary career, translation is an important aspect, and his translation and creation are almost synchronous. He writes poems and translates them. He writes novels and essays, and also translates them. Mansfield has two collections of short stories, Garden Club and Happiness, with more than 20 pieces in total. Eight of them were selected by Xu Zhimo and translated from Cambridge, England to Shanghai, China. 1927, Mansfield's short stories were published by Shanghai North New Bookstore. 1925, he translated Voltaire's novel "Gandide" and serialized it in the supplement. Published by Shanghai Beifang New Bookstore on June 1927, it is listed as one of the famous books in Europe and America. In August of the same year, he and Shen Xingren jointly translated the English writer James? The novel of the Sphinx Mary? Mary, also published by Shanghai Crescent Bookstore. In addition, he translated some poems and essays. Xu Zhimo's translation also has his preference. He said, "Except Mansfield is my favorite, the rest can be regarded as occasional translations." (Preface to Mary Mary)
"New Moon" activity
When people look at Xu Zhimo and his works, they will always think of the Crescent School. They regard him as the representative writer of the Crescent School and call him the "leader" of the Crescent School. This is because the formation and demise of the Crescent School are closely related to him, and he participated in the whole activities of the Crescent School. His works reflect the distinctive features of the Crescent School.
It took about ten years from the establishment of Crescent Society to the gradual formation of a literary school-Crescent School, in which Xu Zhimo always played an important role.
1In the spring of 923, Xu Zhimo set up a club in Beijing to compile plays, hold annual meetings and lantern festivals on holidays, and recite poems and draw pictures. Out of interest in the Indian poet Tagore's New Moon, Xu Zhimo nominated the word "New Moon" as the name of the club, hence the name of the New Moon Club.
Before 1925, Xu Zhimo not only wrote poems, but also contacted members of the crescent society to engage in drama activities. From June 65438, 0925 to June 65438, 0926, Xu Zhimo edited the Morning Supplement, and from April 65438, 0926 to April 65438, 0926, he founded the Morning Poetry Magazine. At this time, Wen Yiduo had returned from the United States and participated in the compilation of Poetry Magazine. Except for the third and fourth issues edited by Wen Yiduo and the fifth issue edited by Rao Mengkan, all the issues were edited by Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo also wrote Poetry Magazine and Poetry Magazine Holiday. The authors of Poetry Magazine are committed to creating China's new metrical poems and discussing the art of poetry. Therefore, the establishment of Morning Post Poetry Magazine marks the formation of a poetry school-Crescent Poetry School, whose purpose is to "make the content and form of poetry show the power of beauty and become a perfect art" (Yu: Zhi Mo Poetry).
References:
/view/ 14 176.html？ wtp=tt