The last son of the Sultan of Malacca fled to Tanbin Island at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, where he founded a new country, Sultan of Johor. After the disappearance of Malacca's rule, the Malay archipelago split into many small countries that were constantly fighting with each other, the most important of which were Aceh, Brunei, Johor and Thunderbolt. Other countries include Banten, Yogyakarta, Kedah, Selangor, Sulu and Tengjialou. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, European businessmen discovered tin mines in northern Malaya. By exporting tin, Thunderbolt became rich and powerful. European colonial forces continued to expand in this area. Portugal controls trade with the spice-rich Moluccas. Spain occupied Manila in 157 1.
From 65438 to 0607, the Sultanate of Aceh rose and became the most powerful and richest country in the Malay Archipelago. Under the rule of iskandar Damu, the Sultanate extended its control to Sumatra and most parts of Malay Peninsula. He conquered Pahang, the tin mine producing area in Malay Peninsula, and exiled Pahang, the Sudan, to Aceh. His armada collapsed in the attack on Malacca in 1629. According to Portuguese history books, the Portuguese-Routinent Allied Forces managed to destroy all his ships and killed 19000 soldiers. But Aceh's military power was not destroyed, because Aceh conquered Kedah in the same year and moved many people from Kedah to Aceh. Sultan's nephew, iskandar Sani, was Prince Pahang and later became his successor. During the reign of iskandar Tani, Aceh focused on consolidating internal and religious unity.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the Netherlands established the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-in Dische Compagnie, abbreviated as VOC). At first, they established trade in the Moluccas, and they quickly occupied the weaker Sultanate in Java, and established Batavia as the capital in 16 19. They extended their influence from Batavia to the Malay archipelago and formed an alliance with Johor to deal with their main enemies: the Portuguese in Malacca and the powerful Sultanate of Aceh. After several attempts, the Dutch and Johor allied forces finally captured Malacca at 164 1. The Portuguese ruled Malacca 130 years, 164 1 year, and the Dutch invaded and seized Portuguese sovereignty until 1795 [14]:285. Portugal has only Portuguese Timor left. With the support of the Netherlands, Johor gained a loose hegemonic position among the Sultanates of Malaya, with the exception of Thunderbolt, and was able to deal with Johor and Siam and maintain its independence.
During this period, the weakness of the Sultanate of Malaya created conditions for people from other regions to move into these Malay homes. Buji pirates from eastern Indonesia often attack the coastal areas of Malaya. 1699, they assassinated the last descendant of Malacca, Sultan, in Johor, and took control of Johor, while other Buji people took control of Selangor. Minangkabau in Sumatra also moved to Malaya and eventually established their own country-Sembilan. The fall of Johor left a power vacuum in the Malay Peninsula. Siam's Great City Kingdom partially filled this vacancy, turning five Malay countries in the north-Kedah, Kelantan, Pattani, Glass City and Tengjialou-into their own vassals. The fall of Johor also made Thunderbolt the leader of Sultanate of Malaya.
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, Malaya's economic importance to Europe increased rapidly. In particular, the tea trade between China and Britain has increased the demand for high-quality tin in Malaya. The inner lining of the tea box is made of tin, which can prevent moisture. Pepper in Malaya also enjoys a high reputation in Europe, and both Kelantan and Pahang have gold mines. The development of tin mines, gold mines and their ancillary industries led to the first influx of foreign immigrants into the Malay world, first Arabs and Indians, and then China. China people settled in towns and quickly controlled economic activities. This established the typical model of Malayan society in the next 200 years: Malays living in rural areas were gradually controlled by wealthy urban immigrant communities, and even Sudan could not resist the power of these urban immigrants.
British businessmen began to appear in Malayan waters from the17th century, but it was not until the middle of the18th century that the British East India Company based in British India began to be really interested in Malayan affairs. Due to the increase of trade with China, it needs to establish a base in Malaya. Although different islands were used as bases, it was not until August 1786 that Britain leased Penang from Sultan Kidal that Britain had its first permanent base. Since then, Britain has leased a large area of land on the mainland opposite Penang (called Victoria Province in Japan). 1795 During the Napoleonic Wars, the British took over Malacca in the Netherlands for fear of being used by the French fleet, and it was not until 18 15 that it was returned to the Netherlands. British Governor Stanford Raffles looks for an alternative base. 1865438+In February 2009, Singapore was acquired from Johor, Sudan. 1824 After the signing of the Treaty of the Netherlands, the Dutch agreed to give Malacca to the British in exchange for Ben Cullen of Sumatra. [14]:285 Penang and Singapore, together with the decline of the Netherlands, made Britain dominate Malaya. Because Malaya was afraid of Siam's expansion, Britain's influence was increasing. /kloc-In the 9th century, Malay Sultan became a loyal ally of the British Empire.
1824 Britain and the Netherlands signed the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, which finally established Britain's hegemony over Malaya and the embryonic form of contemporary Malaysia. The Netherlands withdrew from Malacca and gave up all its interests in Malaya, while Britain recognized the interests of the Netherlands in the rest of East India. This division has drawn an artificial border in Malaya, and it has been left to this day. 1826, Britain joined forces with Penang, Malacca, Singapore and Labuan to form a strait colony. The Strait Colony was originally managed by the East India Company in Kolkata, and later Penang and Singapore became the administrative centers of the colony. It was not until 1867 that its executive power was transferred from the governor of India to the colonial minister in London. Overseas Chinese used to call it "an island in Yule Island" or "tri-state government" [14]:286. /kloc-In the 9th century, Britain signed agreements with other Sultanates in Malaya to set up governors in these countries to help Sudan manage state affairs, and these agents soon became the real rulers of these countries. For British investors, the political stability of Thunderbolt, which owns tin mines, is the most important, so Thunderbolt became the first Sultanate to sign an agreement with Britain to agree to British management. Johor is the most tenacious Sultanate, and it did not give up its independence until 19 14. 1On July 5th, 896, Pahang, Selangor, Thunderbolt and Semeland formed federated malay states, which was protected by Britain. Overseas Chinese used to call it "Sizhou Prefecture" [14]:287, which was actually controlled by Britain at that time. 1In February, 909, the weakened Siam agreed to cede Kedah, Kelantan, Glass Market and Tengjialou to Britain. Siam retained control of the Sultanate of Pattani. There are still a small number of Muslim minorities in southern Thailand, and their independence movement has brought a lot of trouble to the Thai government. Sultan Abu Dhaka of Johor is familiar with Queen Victoria, so he recognizes their equal status. It was not until 19 14 that Sultan Ibrahim, the heir of Sultan Abubakar, accepted a British agent. The four states formerly belonging to Thailand and Johor are collectively referred to as Malay State.
/kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, Britain also gained control of the northern shore of Borneo, where the Netherlands never established itself. The eastern part of this region (present-day Sabah) was ruled by Sulu Sultan and then controlled by Spain and the Philippines. The rest were ruled by Sultans Of Brunei. 184 1 year, British explorer James Brooke rented Kuching from Sultans Of Brunei and called himself Baila of Sarawak. Since then, he has continuously acquired territory from Brunei. Northeast Borneo was once a colony of British businessmen. 188 1 year, the British North Borneo Company was allowed to control this area and was supervised by the Governor-General of Singapore. The Philippines never admitted that Sulu Sultan lost these territories, which is why the Philippines later claimed sovereignty over Sabah. 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate. 189 1 year, Britain and the Netherlands signed a treaty to determine the border between the two countries in Borneo.
19 10, the pattern of British rule over the Malay archipelago was formed. The Strait Colony became a British overseas territory, which was managed by the Governor under the supervision of the Secretary of Colony Affairs in London. Half of the residents of this territory are from China, but all the agents (Political Affairs Department) are British citizens regardless of race. The four Sultanates, Perak, Selangor, Sembilan and Pahang, which were the first to accept British political departments, formed federated malay states. It is still independent in name, but since 1895, it has been managed by a British "General Political Department" and has actually become a British colony. Malay states (Johor, Chittagong, Kelantan, Glass City and Tengjialou) enjoy greater independence, but they can't stop British agents. Johor, Britain's closest Malay ally, has its own constitutional privilege, which stipulates that Sudan has the right to appoint a cabinet, but in fact Sudan has to discuss his appointment with Britain every time.
Ethnic relations in Malaya [editor]
Different from other colonial powers, Britain has always viewed colonies mainly from an economic perspective, and British corporate shareholders expect colonies to bring them benefits. The attraction of Malaya lies in its tin and gold mines, but British farmers soon began to try tropical crops-sweet potato, Uncaria Uncaria, nectar, pepper and coffee. Rubber was introduced from Brazil in 1877. Stimulated by the rapid development of industry in Europe, it soon became the most popular export commodity in Malaya. Later, palm oil also became a popular export commodity. All these industries need a large number of well-trained labor. The British feel that Malays are not a reliable source of labor. The solution is to import labor from India, especially Tamils in southern India. Mines, factories and ports have also attracted a large number of workers from southern China, especially Hakkas. Soon Chinese became the majority in Singapore, Penang and Ipoh, and so did Kuala Lumpur, which became the center of tin mines at 1857. 189 1 When the first census was conducted in Malaya, Chinese were in the majority in Perak and Selangor, the major tin-producing Sultanates.
Most people in China are very poor when they arrive, but they are hardworking, attach importance to children's education and maintain Confucian family ethics. In addition, their voluntary contact and close network formed through various township clubs and other mutual aid organizations are the reasons for their success. During the period of A.D. 1890, Ah Loy Yap, the Chinese leader in Kuala Lumpur, was the richest man in Malaya at that time. He had the title of "Chinese armor" and owned many mines, farms and shops. From the beginning, Malaya's banking and insurance industries were in the hands of Chinese, usually in partnership with companies in London, and Chinese soon became the main force in the economy. Because Malay Sultans lived in luxury and could not make ends meet, they soon accumulated a large amount of debts owed to Chinese bankers, which enabled Chinese not only to have economic rights, but also to gain political rights. Almost all China people who have just arrived in Malaya are men, and many of them plan to earn a lot of money and then return home in gold. Many people went back and forth to China, but more people stayed. At first, they married Malay women, resulting in China-Malay mixed-race community, but soon they began to introduce China women, establish settlement communities, and build schools and temples.
Indians were not so successful at first. Unlike the Chinese, Indians originally came to Malaya only as laborers in rubber plantations, so they did not have as many economic opportunities as the Chinese. In addition, the Indian community is not as United as the Chinese. It is divided into Hindu believers and Muslims, with differences in language and caste. The trade and professional classes of Indians only appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, but most Indians are still poor and poorly educated. Most of them live in rural settlements in rubber producing areas.
The traditional Malay community cannot afford to be deprived of political autonomy by the British or economic power by China. At the beginning of the 20th century, Malays even faced the threat of becoming a national minority. Sultan is regarded as a collaborator between British and China people, especially in the eyes of more and more Malays educated in the West, who have lost their traditional prestige. But most rural people continue to be afraid of Sudan and their prestige, which is very important for colonial rule. At the beginning of the 20th century, a small group of Malay nationalist intellectuals began to rise, and there was also a revival of Islam to cope with the threat of foreign religions, especially Christianity. In fact, no Malays converted to Christianity at all, but many Chinese converted to Christianity. The northern part, which was less influenced by the west, became the base camp of Islamic conservatives, and this region still does.
For Malays, an important fact to safeguard their dignity is that the British have completely retained their monopoly power over the police and local forces, and most non-European positions in the management institutions have also been occupied by Malays. Chinese generally built schools and colleges at their own expense and hired teachers from China, while the colonial government was responsible for training Malay education. 1905 Jiang Shama came to the college to start school. 19 10 set up Malay management organization, 1922 set up Malay normal school, 1935 set up Malay women's college.
Before World War II, Britain neglected the constitutional development in Malaya. In order to maintain the policy of indirect rule, the British tried to safeguard Sudan's rights and did not allow any discussion about Malaya becoming a unified or autonomous country. Not only did Britain not intend to give Malaya a unified government, but in 1935, it removed the general agent of the federal Malay States and dispersed the political power to various Sultanates. The British tend to stereotype all ethnic groups, thinking that Malays are amiable but innocent, and extremely lazy, and can't make decisions, but under the command of British officers, they will be good soldiers. Britain thinks China people are smart but dangerous. In the 1960s and 1960s, Chinese in Malaya also organized secret organizations hostile to each other, echoing the struggle between China's China Nationalist Party and China, and riots often occurred in Chinese-inhabited towns. The British believe that Malaya is a rabble composed of different nationalities and different Sultanates, and it is impossible to become a country, let alone an independent country.
Japanese Occupation Period, State of Emergency and Independence of Malaya Federation [Editor]
Tugu Negara, in memory of those who died in World War II and Malaya emergency.
194 1 When the Pacific War broke out in February, the British army in Malaya was completely caught off guard. /kloc-in the 1930 s, Britain established a huge naval base in Singapore in response to the growing threat of the Japanese navy, but it was completely unexpected that Japan invaded Malaya from the north. Due to the needs of the European battlefield, Britain actually has no air force combat power in the Far East. Therefore, the Japanese army can attack from the base of French Indian zhina without any resistance. Despite the stubborn resistance of British, Australian and Indian troops, Japan occupied Malaya within two months. 1942 February 15 Singapore surrendered without land defense, air support and fresh water supply. This is an irreparable loss of reputation for Britain. British North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei were also occupied by Japan.
Japan invaded Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The Japanese regarded Malays as a group of colonial people liberated from British colonial rule and established limited Malay nationalism, which made the Japanese win a certain degree of support among Malay management institutions and intellectuals. Most Sudan also took the initiative to cooperate with the Japanese, although Japan was later defeated. In line with the policy of Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Circle, Japan promised to make Malaya independent after the war, and assisted in training Malays to set up armed forces and elite government departments.
So, on the whole, 1945 was the happiest time for the British to return to Malaya. However, the present situation is different from that before the British war, and the desire for independence is getting stronger and stronger. The British mainland went bankrupt, and the new government of the British Labor Party advocated withdrawing from the east as soon as possible. Colonial autonomy and ultimate independence became the new policy of Britain. The wave of colonial nationalism sweeping across Asia soon reached Malaya. But at that time, most Malays were more concerned with resisting Malaya, which was dominated by Chinese, than with independence from Britain. They actually hoped that Britain would not quit Malaya, but help them fight against Malaya, the largest armed force in Malaya at that time. In the last year of World War II, Malaya clashed with troops led by Malays, and many Malays were killed by well-equipped China people. The British who returned to Malaya after the war found it on the brink of civil war. Malaysian communist party used to be a legitimate political party and made great contributions during World War II. After the British returned to Malaysia, they were finally listed as illegal political parties for fear of the expansion of * * *. After finding that the way to fight for peace was ineffective, Malaysian communist party decided to fight by force instead.
1946, Britain announced the plan to form the Malayan Federation, which merged the Sultanate of federated malay states, Malaya, Penang and Malacca (but not Singapore) into a British overseas territory and became independent a few years later. This plan was strongly opposed by Malays, because it weakened the position of Malay rulers and granted Malay Chinese and ethnic minorities citizenship. [ 19]。 At first, the sultans supported the plan, but later they turned against it and let themselves lead the opposition. In March of the same year, under the leadership of Weng Jiahua, Chief Minister of Johor, Malay organizations established a unified organization of witches. Umno supports Malayan independence, provided that the new country is completely controlled by Malays. Faced with strong opposition from Malays, Britain abandoned the plan of equal citizenship. Therefore, the Federation of Malaya was proclaimed in June 1946 and dissolved in June 1948. On the contrary, 1 February 1948,1agreed to establish the Malayan Union. Under the protection of Britain, the ruler of the Sultanate of Malaysia resumed autonomy.
At the same time, * * * is actively preparing for the riot. 1945 12 the anti-Japanese guerrillas were dissolved and Malaya became a legitimate political party, but the guerrilla weapons were carefully collected for future use. Communist party's policy is immediate independence and equality for all ethnic groups. This means that it is extremely difficult to recruit Malay party member, whose main supporters come from Chinese-led chambers of commerce, especially in Singapore; In China, most of the teachers are from China, and China is regarded as the leader of the rebirth of the Chinese nation. 1947 In March, with the beginning of the Cold War and the left leaning of the Communist International, the general secretary of Malaya Wright was killed and the former guerrilla leader Chen Ping was appointed as the general secretary. Chen Ping asked * * * to take immediate action. * * * launched guerrilla warfare, hoping to force the British to leave Malaya. In July, after a series of assassinations of manor owners, the British colonial government launched a counterattack and declared a state of emergency. Malaya was banned and hundreds of soldiers were arrested. * * * retreated into the dense forest and organized the Malayan People's Liberation Army, with about 13000 people. The tenth detachment was mainly composed of Malays. [20]
This state of emergency, known as Malaya, lasted from 1948 to 1960, and brutal fighting spread throughout the Malay Peninsula. The British strategy is quite effective. By making economic and political concessions to Chinese, Chinese scattered in rural areas are concentrated in "new villages" in "white areas" outside the influence of the Communist Party of Malaysia. It is also an important strategy for Britain to effectively mobilize Malays against Malaya. Since 1949, the Communist Party of Malaysia has lost the motivation to fight, and the number of guerrillas recruited has dropped sharply. 195 1 year, Malaya * * murdered British High Commissioner Henry Gurney, but this strategy of turning to "terrorists" made Malaya * * * lose the support of many moderate Chinese. 1952 Gerald Templar was appointed commander of British troops in Malaya, thus ending the state of emergency. In Malaya, Dempler invented the tactics of anti-guerrilla warfare, and ruthlessly destroyed communist party, Malaysia. Although the guerrillas were defeated, the British army stayed because of the background of the Cold War. [2 1]? Against this background, Malaya1June 65438+August 3, 9571became independent.
* I am copying and pasting.