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What is the teaching purpose of Confucius and Mencius?
First, the purpose of education: a gentleman, a man who manages the world, a gentleman and a wise man.

Teaching often begins with and revolves around the educational purpose. "Educational purpose" refers to the general concept or regulation of the quality specifications of social individuals to be cultivated by education. Nowadays, social educators pay more attention to school education, and especially emphasize the constraints of society on people. Although Confucius and Mencius in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period subjectively expressed their thoughts and regulations on the trained people, they also reflected the requirements of the society at that time. What kind of talents need to be cultivated in the troubled times when the ceremony collapses and the music breaks down? Confucius and Mencius talked about cultivating gentlemen, but their educational purposes still subjectively reflected their different ideological views.

The purpose of Confucius education is to cultivate gentlemen and politicians. In Confucius' view, "the wise are not confused, the benevolent are not worried, and the brave are not afraid" is the gentleman, and "being ashamed of doing things, making the quartet, and not humiliating your life" is the gentleman, which can not only govern the country of a thousand generations, but also govern the family of a thousand generations. Lutz asked Confucius what a gentleman was, and Confucius replied, "cultivate one's morality to respect", "cultivate one's morality to protect people" and "cultivate one's morality to protect people." Self-cultivation is a gentleman's self-cultivation, and self-cultivation is the rule of the country. The gentleman mentioned by Confucius is a scholar who manages the world from the perspective of social needs. Confucius hopes to change the situation that there is no way in the world through education, so he needs to train talents and gentlemen to govern the world.

Comparatively speaking, Mencius is also in the troubled times when there is no way in the world. He also advocates the cultivation of a gentleman, but what he appreciates most is a gentleman with integrity and integrity. Mencius paid more attention to an inner cultivation. "I'm not from the outside, I'm internal." He pays more attention to the cultivation of an inner ideological character and personality. In addition, Mencius believed that "knowledge is shared by three generations, so it is also a good relationship." The purpose of Mencius' education is to cultivate a gentleman with miraculous powers, and the purpose of Confucius' education is to cultivate a gentleman who manages the world. Mencius did not advocate governing the country and leveling the world. He once said, "If you want to govern the world, who can you give me today?" Like Confucius, he advocated benevolence and traveled around the world to publicize his ideas. Confucius expounded from the aspects of social needs and managing the world, paying attention to social requirements, while Mencius paid attention to internal development and turned external social requirements into internal spiritual cultivation.

Second, the comparison of teaching principles and methods

Different educational purposes must have different teaching methods. Although Mencius inherited many ideas, educational methods and educational principles from Confucius, there are many similarities, but there are also some differences around educational purposes. Although there are many similarities between Confucius and Mencius' teaching principles and methods, there are similarities and differences in the following aspects:

1, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, without distinction.

Confucius knew his disciples like the back of his hand. Confucius classified them: "Virtue: Yan Yuan, Min Zikai, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong. Word: kill me, salute. Politics: You Ran, Lu Ji. Literature: Ziyou, Xia Zi. " But also understand their own shortcomings "wood is stupid;" Shen Ye, Lu; The teacher is also, the monarch is also; You too, hey. " Confucius gave different answers to the same thing by different disciples. Lutz asked him if he would take action after hearing the news. Confucius always wants to surpass others in everything, asking him to restrain himself and asking his father and brother what they mean before acting. However, it is difficult for Ran to make a decision, and he has too many doubts. Confucius encouraged him to take action to promote his enterprising spirit.

2. Enlightenment and induction, self-satisfaction in self-study and further study.

"If you are not angry, don't be angry. If you are not angry, don't give up. If you don't take a turn, there will be no more." Confucius believes that when students reach a certain learning state: they can understand, but they can't get what they want. If they can't get it, teachers can open their minds and make their words come true, so that students can feel something after being inspired. The heuristic education, which is often said, comes from Confucius. Confucius' inspiration and guidance focused on the guiding role of teachers in the learning process, while Mencius paid attention to students' autonomous learning and self-satisfaction in the learning process. Because the educational purpose of Ren Ming Lun is endogenous and others can't achieve it, Mencius advocates self-study and self-satisfaction in further study. He said: "if you look for it, you will get it, but if you give up, you will lose it." If you seek, you will benefit from it, and if you seek from me, you will also get it. " Mencius' self-satisfaction in further study focuses on self-cultivation and self-cultivation. Comparatively speaking, Confucius focuses on the role of teachers in the teaching process, while Mencius focuses on the main role of students in the teaching process and pays attention to the exertion of students' subjective initiative. "A gentleman leads without chaos, jumps like a horse, stands in the road, and can follow." The former inspires teachers greatly, while the latter helps students to wake up consciously. Mencius' teaching thought is similar to today's student-centered teaching thought. His student-centered teaching method is an innovation of the traditional teacher-centered teaching method, which embodies distinct personality characteristics.

3. Combine learning with thinking and think independently

Confucius not only thinks that learning needs thinking, but also thinks that we can't just think without learning. He does not advocate thinking all day. He said, "I try not to eat all day and stay up all night. It's useless to think, and it's useless not to learn. " Confucius combined learning with thinking and paid more attention to learning. This is related to his educational purpose of cultivating talents. Confucius took rites and music as the teaching content, practiced the three virtues of benevolence, courage and wisdom, and cultivated talents who could rule the country and level the world. This kind of talent needs to learn a lot of practical knowledge to govern the world, rather than blindly thinking. Mencius, on the other hand, thinks that teachers can't teach all the knowledge, but only the basic knowledge. Students must think, ponder and experience themselves to get the essence. Taking archery and carpentry taught by Mencius as an example, it shows that no matter how good a teacher is, he can't completely let his students learn what he teaches. Students should think independently and master knowledge skillfully on the basis of the basic knowledge taught by teachers. Compared with Confucius' combination of learning and thinking, Mencius pays more attention to independent thinking, especially the learners' own thinking. This is also the intrinsic educational purpose of Ren Ming Lun. This inner spiritual realm is difficult for others to achieve, and you need to think, ponder and understand it yourself. Mencius made many innovations in Confucius' teaching thought. He Qiang

It is better to believe in books than to have no books. We should treat books with suspicion. This spirit of doubt is helpful to students' innovation. Moreover, Confucius changed "haste makes waste" to "sharp, pursue speed", directly stated the consequences of haste makes waste, and emphasized learning.