There are two main factors, one is personality and the other is intelligence.

One of the ways to describe personality is from the way people treat the world, or more precisely, the way they treat others. And personality is a relatively stable feature.

2. Two conditions for testing and evaluation

How to scientifically distinguish different personalities needs to meet two conditions, one is credibility and the other is effectiveness.

Credibility means that there is no evaluation error, and the most direct way to prove it is to test the same person at different times and get the same result.

Validity means that your test can measure what we want to measure, that is, whether it is a good test or not, regardless of whether it is credible.

Rorschach test example (/view/604286.htm), although 80% of psychologists advocate the use, but in fact Rorschach test is extremely useless, it is as useless as rolling dice. But many people like it and use it everywhere.

3. Five personality factors (/view/388796.htm)

At first, it was a view from Eysenck, who thought that a person was between two personalities, namely introversion and extroversion, and two characteristics, namely stability and instability. Then there are four kinds of people. Later, he added a trait "spirituality is not spirituality", which mainly refers to whether a person is aggressive or sympathetic, and then got three groups of traits. Later, Carter divided it into sixteen categories, representing sixteen different people. But 16 is too much, and the consensus reached by psychology is called big five personality.

Remember the big five personality, remember the word ocean, and open it to see the corresponding:

O (openness): openness

C (earnest): earnest

E (extroversion): extroversion

Pleasure: agreeableness

N (neuroticism): neuroticism

These are the five basic aspects used to distinguish a person. We believe this theory is more reliable because there is evidence to verify it, because if you take the senior five exam now and test you five years later, the results will not change much. Once you pass 30, your grades are very stable.

Finally, this theory should be able to predict the behavior of the real world. If it has nothing to do with the real world, we will not agree that it is effective and will not take this test seriously. However, it does relate to the real world. So the score in the sense of responsibility level test will show your loyalty to your spouse, and the score in the openness will hint at the possibility of your job-hopping.

4. Intelligence

Some people define abstract reasoning ability, problem solving ability and knowledge acquisition ability. Other abilities such as memory, mental speed, language and mathematics are also mentioned. Therefore, it may be difficult to define intelligence accurately. Spearman put forward a viewpoint that there are two types of intelligence: one is "G" and the other is "S". S refers to your ability in specific tests, such as 10 IQ test, and you will get different scores for each subtest; G refers to the overall intelligence level, which is the common feature you show in every test.

People's performance in a particular field seems to have a factor that affects their overall level. This factor is called "G". It's like a person taking a sports test. If he is good at running and swimming, he is probably a rock climber, too. So is IQ.

5. About intelligence test

The author of Bell Curve believes that IQ is closely related to daily life, and people's social status, wealth, success and IQ level are consistent.

To some extent, the effectiveness of IQ test is self-evident, because if you take IQ test seriously, then it becomes important. The society has shown great dependence on IQ tests, such as promotion, education and joining the army. At the same time, the function of IQ test is not limited to the social level. There are some examples to prove that your IQ score will affect your intelligence level in terms of mental speed and memory ability.

6. Why are we different-the difference between people.

There are two reasons: genes and environment.

Here, we are concerned about the range of differences caused by genetic differences, rather than the part of individual characteristics affected by genes.

The relationship between heredity and genes, usually heredity is a necessary condition for differences, rather than the cause of some characteristics, which is heredity, that is, genetic determination.

7. Environment

The environment is divided into shared environment and non-shared environment. The scope of shared environment is similar to the phenomenon of growing up under the same roof. Suppose neuroticism is due to having bad parents, which is part of the shared environment. Suppose you are neurotic, because when you were five years old, someone threw a snowball at you and hit you on the head. This is a non-shared environment.

8. The relationship between genes and environment

Psychological differences, in the real world, it is difficult to prove which are genetic reasons and which are environmental reasons, because it is difficult to separate genes from environment in the real world. For example, twins have the same genes and share the same environment. How can we know what makes us similar?

An experiment that psychologists like to do is to let identical twins grow up in different families. If they still believe it, it means that their genetic decision has worked. In fact, there is an amazing discovery in behavioral genetics, that is, "separation at birth", which leads behavioral genetics to find that almost everything is highly heritable, and intelligence, personality, your political stance and sexual orientation are all highly heritable.

Since there are differences between individuals in the same group, does it mean that the differences between groups will amplify the results caused by heredity? To some extent, no matter which group you belong to, it is not entirely determined by your genetic makeup, but usually by social decision-making. At the same time, there are indeed some genetic differences between people, so that genetic defects can lead to diseases, such as amaurotic idiocy, a family prone to German Jews.

So, does the high heritability between individuals mean that the differences between groups are also caused by heredity? The answer is "not at all". Genetic differences within populations do not affect genetic differences between populations. But how do we explain the differences between groups? One of them is caused by environmental factors, not genes. The correlation between IQ and heredity seems to be lower than social factors. Compared with your DNA, how others treat you and evaluate you is more related to IQ. Second, even if there is no difference in genes, the IQ of individuals can be essentially different, thus causing differences between groups. The most powerful evidence is the Flynn effect (/view/962625.html? fromTaglist).