Comenius occupies an important position in the history of teaching art thought, and his view of teaching art has had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Therefore, we discuss his views on many problems of teaching art in order to attract everyone's attention. Comenius profoundly revealed the essence and function of teaching art. He said: "We dare to promise a' great teaching theory', that is, an all-round art that teaches everything to all mankind. This is an art that will definitely be taught, so there will be results; Moreover, it is an art that makes people feel happy in teaching, that is to say, it will not disturb teachers or make students feel disgusted, but will make both teachers and students get the greatest happiness; In addition, it is an art that is thoroughly taught, superficial and extravagant, but it can enable people to acquire real knowledge, noble friendship and deepest piety. " Here, Comenius describes the essence of teaching art as "teaching all the arts to all mankind" and thinks that teaching art has three major functions: first, to ensure teaching quality and efficiency. "Teaching must be sure, so there must be results." Second, make teachers and students get a happy emotional experience. "It won't bother the teacher, and it won't make the students feel disgusted. It can make both teachers and students get the greatest happiness. " Third, promote the all-round and healthy development of students. "It can make people acquire real knowledge, noble friendship and deepest piety." Specifically: First, teaching can ensure the quality and efficiency of teaching. Comenius believes that without teaching art, it is difficult for teachers to complete their teaching tasks. He said: "As for teachers, most teachers don't know their own art, so when they perform their duties, they often feel exhausted. They exhausted their energy in hard work; Otherwise, they are used to changing their methods, trying this method and trying that method-this is a hard waste of time and energy. " "This shameful behavior of wasting time and energy is of course caused by the wrong method." In Comenius' view, if we point out how teachers lead us to make mistakes, we can point out ways to avoid such mistakes. He said: "Up to now, the teaching method is still very unreliable. Few people dare to say,' I can teach this young man to a certain extent in a few years; I must teach him in some way, "so it depends on whether the art of cultivating talents can be laid on a solid foundation, so as to make reliable and accurate progress. Since this foundation can only be laid correctly by making the artistic steps conform to the natural steps as much as possible, we intend to follow the natural methods. In order to ensure the quality and efficiency of teaching, we must adopt the correct teaching art. "By correct teaching, I mean easy, thorough and rapid teaching." Secondly, teaching art can make teachers and students get happy emotional experience. Comenius mercilessly attacked the school at that time, saying that "the method of educating young people is usually so harsh that the school has become a place of terror for children and a slaughterhouse to show their talents." Most students hate learning and books, and they leave school in a hurry to go to craftsmen's workshops or find other jobs. " He believes that people who force children to study without considering their interest in learning and psychological characteristics do great harm to children. Because what can they expect? If a person has no appetite, but is forced to eat food, the result can only be illness and vomiting, at least indigestion and unhappiness. On the other hand, if a person is hungry, he is eager to eat food, which can be digested immediately and easily become flesh and blood. Therefore, Comenius believes that teachers should stress the art of teaching, let students study happily and make the school a paradise for students. In his view, "the action of teaching and learning is a natural, pleasant and enjoyable pleasure." "The school itself should be a pleasant place, and it should be attractive both inside and outside the school. On campus, the house should be bright and clean, and photos, maps, historical charts or other decorations of worshiped people should be hung on the walls. There should be an open place for walking and playing outside the school, with a garden for students to go in from time to time and enjoy the trees, flowers and plants there. If so, children are likely to be as happy as going to the market when they enter school. They are always looking forward to seeing and hearing something new there. " Then, the school will indeed become a happy place, a happy and attractive house. Comenius also specially reminded teachers that "students should not be whipped just because they don't want to learn (because if students don't want to learn, it's not someone else's fault, but the teacher's fault, and he either doesn't know how to make students accept knowledge or doesn't do it at all). Third, teaching art can promote students' all-round and healthy development. Comenius thinks: "If you want to form a person, you must form it through education. "In fact, a person can only become a person if he receives a proper education." It can be seen that the higher a person is educated, the more he can surpass others in an accurate proportion. "He believes that as long as teachers, like talented painters and hardworking gardeners, are willing to work hard and pay attention to the art of work, then human knowledge and wisdom can be infinitely developed." If a calligrapher or painter doesn't know his own art, he can write or draw whatever he wants on a blank piece of paper. A person who doesn't know the art of teaching can easily portray everything in his heart. "If teachers are willing to work hard, people can be thought well, and finally, all people will understand everything. Therefore, he declared with enthusiasm and pride: "Where can our contribution to the country be better or greater than teaching and educating people?" He encouraged all the teachers to say, "What can make you happier than trying to gain as much as possible? "? Therefore, you should turn your sacred career and trust your children to your parents into a flame in your heart, so that you and those affected by you will not stop moving forward until your motherland is fully illuminated by this enthusiastic torch. Chen Jing's speech: Comenius also systematically and profoundly expounded the teaching of artistic skills. He believes: "Great achievements are often just a matter of skill, not strength." "What the art of teaching needs is nothing more than clever arrangement of time, subjects and methods." He even thought that once we found the right method, it would be much more difficult to teach no matter how many children, than to print out 1000 of the neatest articles in one day with a printing press, or to move houses, towers and extremely heavy objects with Archimedes machinery, or to cross the ocean by boat to reach the new world. He said: "In fact, we can simply use the term' (printing') and call the new teaching method' (teaching method)". In "The Great Theory of Teaching", Comenius specifically discussed the artistic skills of teaching from the following aspects: (1) Establishing order and paying attention to methods. Comenius believes that "order is the first principle to teach everyone everything." This should and can only be learned from the role of nature. Once this principle is thoroughly mastered, the progress of art will be as easy and natural as the operation of nature. "In his view, the foundation of school improvement should be the proper order of everything. Every art should be included in the simplest and most practical rules, and every rule should be expressed in the shortest and clearest words. He said that if we organize the school to be "like a clock made with the greatest skills and skillfully carved with the finest tools", we can get the desired results. Comenius also emphasized the importance of methods. He said: "The main purpose of writing the book" On Great Teaching "is to seek and find out a teaching method so that teachers can teach less and students can learn more; Let the school be less noisy, disgusting and useless, and have more leisure, happiness and solid progress. He asked to follow the laws of nature and establish a teaching method that can "combine simplicity, thoroughness and quickness" to make teaching enjoyable and effective. If we want to arouse students' interest, we should use our brains to formulate methods that suit our tastes and ensure that everything, no matter how serious, can be placed in front of them in a friendly and attractive way. For example, in the form of dialogue, that is, to induce students to compete for answers and explain abstruse questions, metaphors and fables. "Besides, teachers should know all the methods that can improve their understanding, and they should skillfully apply these methods. Comenius firmly believes that "as long as the steps in the method are properly arranged, sufficient, firm and safe, no matter who can reach the height he wants, this is an indisputable fact." "(2) Stimulate interest and combine learning with fun. Comenius believes that teaching methods should alleviate the pain of learning, so that students can learn unhindered and do not delay progress. Therefore, "we should use all possible ways to stimulate children's thirst for knowledge and learning." And "children's thirst for knowledge is caused by parents, teachers, schools, subjects taught, teaching methods and state authority". He pointed out that teachers should have the responsibility to stimulate students' interest in learning. He said: "Who would have thought that this teacher must make his students thirst for knowledge and be able to receive teaching before imparting knowledge to students, so he is prepared to receive all kinds of education? "So, how can students enjoy learning and be willing to learn? Comenius believes: "Every course should start like this, so as to arouse students' real interest. The way is to prove to them how beautiful, useful and enjoyable it is and how much it is needed. "Because in his view, the happiness that comes from the thing itself is the happiness that a wise person experiences when thinking. Because no matter where he is, no matter what he sees or thinks, he can find a ubiquitous attraction, which often makes him forget himself. " Therefore, knowledge, virtue and piety are the three sources of all the most perfect happiness. "(3) Intuitive image and keeping attention Comenius firmly believes that intuitive image is the" golden rule "that all teachers should follow in their teaching work. He believes that "all knowledge begins with sensory perception. "Teaching is necessary." As far as possible, everything should be put in front of the senses as much as possible. "... if a thing can impress several senses at the same time, it should be related to several senses". Therefore, teaching should be carried out through the senses as much as possible, so that it is labor-saving to remember. Because in his view, we immediately believe the knowledge gained from feeling, while transcendental reasoning and other people's testimony always resort to feeling. Therefore, "seeing is believing" means "if things themselves cannot be obtained, we can use their model images". Comenius also thinks: "The light of teaching art is attention. With attention, students can make their minds not be like wild horses that are out of control and learn everything that is liberated in front of them. "... if a teacher wants to shine on an ignorant student with knowledge, he should first attract his attention and let him absorb knowledge with a greedy mind. "So, the teacher should be extra careful, unless all the students are listening, he must not talk; You can't teach unless they are all listening attentively. ..... That is to say, we should not talk to the wind, but to people's ears. At the same time, "attention is not only reminded and maintained by students or other responsible children." The teacher himself is the most important factor. "In other words, teachers should play a leading role. (4) Comenius, who inspired thinking and taught students in accordance with their aptitude, criticized the disadvantages of the old school. He said: "The method of teaching all knowledge groups shows that the school is really to blame for this situation; The school really teaches us to see with other people's eyes and make ourselves smart with other people's brains. " Therefore, he attaches great importance to inspiring students' thinking and developing students' ability in teaching. He believes that in school, everything should be taught through its reasons. "Everything should be taught thoroughly, concisely and to the point, so that understanding can explain new difficulties by itself after a key is opened." Everything you learn should be passed on from one student to another, so that all the knowledge can be used. Comenius also saw students' personality differences in teaching: "Some people are smart, others are stupid; Some people are docile and obedient, while others are tenacious and unyielding; Some people are eager for knowledge, while others prefer to acquire mechanical skills. " He then drew six different distinctions from these three pairs of opposite personalities: smart, eager for knowledge and impressionable; Smart people who tend to be slow and lazy; Smart and studious, but stubborn and difficult to control at the same time; Gentle, thirsty for knowledge, but dull and dull; A person with weak will and laziness at the same time; A person with low intelligence, stubborn temper and bad temper. Comenius put forward different educational measures according to the different characteristics of these six types of people, which contributed to the effectiveness of teaching art (5) Conformity and gradual Comenius attached great importance to teaching adapting to nature and conformity. He believes: "All subjects should be arranged according to the age of students, and don't give them anything beyond their understanding." Therefore, nothing should be taught to young people unless it is not only allowed by their age and psychology, but also what they really want. What is not fully understood by the mind cannot be learned by rote. Moreover, if you are not absolutely sure that your child has the ability to remember something, you should not ask him to remember it. He also compared the student to a pouting bottle. If you pour a lot of water, there will be less water in the bottle than slowly. "When some people teach students, they don't do what students can understand, but do what they want to teach. Their practices are just as stupid; Because talents should be supported and should not be overburdened. Teachers, like doctors, are slaves of nature, not masters of nature. " Comenius also believes that teaching should be gradual. He said: "our motto should be: obey the leadership of nature in everything, and the secondary development of observation ability makes our method based on the principle of this order." From beginning to end, the school should carry out teaching step by step according to the age of the students and the existing knowledge. Therefore, every subject should be taught step by step, so that one day's homework can be carried out the day before and cause the next day. All classes should be arranged in this way, so that those who learn later can rely on those who learn first, and those who learn first are fixed in their hearts by those who learn later. Students should also "learn everything step by step and concentrate on only one thing at a time." (6) patient guidance, careful use of punishment Comenius believes that it is very necessary to give patient guidance to students. He said: "If the teacher asked the students to do it, but he didn't explain it to them thoroughly first, or guide them to do something, he didn't help them at the first attempt;" If he tells his students to study hard, they will lose their temper if they fail, which is cruel from the teacher's point of view. ..... The natural teaching method is quite different from this. It tells us that to have enough strength for the weak, we must have patience. "This requires methodological guidance for students. In Comenius's view, if children can use their senses first (because this is the easiest), then use their memories, then use their understanding, and finally use their judgments. This will be orderly; Because all knowledge begins with sensory perception, then enters the field of memory through the media of imagination, then understands through the discussion of specific things, and finally judges through the facts that have been understood; In this way, our knowledge can be firmly determined. Comenius also believes that punishment as one of the means of education should be used with caution. He said that the teacher "can advise, persuade, and sometimes condemn, but he should be extra careful to make his motives clear, and make it clear that his actions are based on his father's love, not to suppress them." "At the same time, we should also pay attention to educating students to treat the punishment given by teachers correctly" and treat punishment as a bitter medicine prescribed by doctors. "However, teachers should prohibit the use of violence and educate students as friendly as possible so that students can drink science drinks in an amiable and pleasant atmosphere. Zhao Wen speaks; Comenius' theoretical exposition on teaching art is systematic and profound, which is a milestone in the history of teaching art thought and has epoch-making significance. As Comenius himself said: "Although our book (referring to the great teaching theory) is not perfect, although it is still far from our expected goal, the inspection itself can prove that it has reached a higher stage than before and reached an unprecedented stage closer to the goal." Specifically, "our hope is that the art of teaching can be so perfect that there is a big difference between the old and new methods, just like the difference between the old method of copying books with a pen and the new method of printing books with a printing press." In other words, although the printing art is difficult, expensive and complicated, it can make the book production faster, more accurate and more artistic than usual; Similarly, at first glance, my new method, although its difficulties seem a bit terrible, can cultivate new students, give them a better education and make them feel happy when they are taught compared with the usual methods. " It should be admitted that this statement is in line with the actual situation. Regarding the study of teaching art, Comenius once said meaningfully with his own personal experience: "It is very difficult to describe art with art, which requires extraordinary criticism;" It needs not only one person's criticism, but also many people's criticism, because no one's eyes can be so sharp that most problems can't escape his observation. "He saw the unusual complexity of teaching art and the infinite openness of the research prospect of teaching art. He said:" There is no doubt that this work will not be easy unless our work is shortened; "Because our art is as long, as broad and far-reaching as the universe we want to conquer in our hearts." What a wise eye it takes to say this. It can be seen that Comenius is indeed worthy of being a generation of masters who advocate and study teaching art!