Second, the imperial examination system in past dynasties
(A), the birth of the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty
The imperial examination system was born in the Sui Dynasty. In the second year of Yang Di Daye (AD 606), Jinshi was established, which was the beginning of the imperial examination system.
Although the Sui Dynasty was short-lived, it was a dynasty with political, economic and cultural achievements. It not only ended the 300-year-old separatist regime in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, but also realized the second national reunification in China's history, and also dug the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal running through the north and south. Moreover, the imperial examination system was replaced by the nine-grade system of selecting scholars by family, which strengthened the imperial power. ?
According to Old Tang Book Yang Wan Chuan, "Jinshi Branch was established only near Yang Di, but it was still an experiment". The biography of Xue Dengchuan in the Old Tang Dynasty also said that "Yang Di succeeded to the throne, but he changed the former law and set up Jinshi and other departments. So later generations followed suit. Poor people are few. Essay compilation, the strategy of name. Not based on material things, but on vanity. " ?
Thus, when Yang Di set up the Imperial Examination Department to recruit scholars, the imperial examination system was only an idea, and it was still very immature. Yang Di the Great worked for three years (AD 607), and he wrote:?
Although the world is heavy, it is difficult to rule alone, and the merits of emperors are not the same as those of scholars. Since ancient times, since the Ming dynasty, the government has been established by the state. Why not do it? Choose the best and appoint the best, and adopt the method of seclusion. ..... filial piety is the foundation of human relations, and honesty is the foundation. Or ceremony can be called, or exercise repeatedly clean, so it stimulates greed and is conducive to weathering. Strong and upright, patient and tolerant, excellent in academic performance, beautiful in literary talent and used by temples are the capital of Hu Lian. If it's just a little short, you can pull it out and insult it. If you are strong, you can make it a chess piece. Therefore, it is desirable to collect and record a skill, and all good deeds must be carried out and will not give up with the times. ..... civil and military officials, more than five grades, should be in accordance with the ten grades of the imperial examination. First of all, there is no need to prepare. I will be promoted as soon as possible.
The imperial edict has clearly put forward the items and standards of ten imperial examiners, namely, filial piety, honesty, frugality, repeated chastity, fortitude, perseverance, excellent academic sensitivity, beautiful literary talent, ability and strength. The items and criteria for selecting candidates are clear and specific. ?
Later, in June of the fifth year of Yang Di the Great (609), he issued another imperial edict:?
All counties should be knowledgeable and talented; Brawn is powerful, transcendent and equal; Diligent and capable; Open and aboveboard, do not avoid strong suppression, four grades of imperial examination.
The imperial edict changed the past ten-grade imperial examination into four-grade imperial examination, and the standard of subject appointment was more clear and specific than the former, which laid the foundation for the formal establishment of the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty. ?
There are profound social reasons for the rulers of Sui Dynasty to abolish the Nine-grade Zhengzhi system and implement the imperial examination system. ?
As far as the essence of official election system is concerned, it is a political system of official election in feudal countries. Therefore, the selection of officials from which class and stratum, through what channels, in what ways and methods, and by what criteria can only be determined according to the needs of national political and economic development in different historical stages. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the feudal society in China was unified and prosperous again. Judging from the internal relations of the ruling class, the economic strength of the small and medium-sized landlords in Buyi is constantly increasing, and they actively demand to participate in politics, hoping to change the status quo of low political status in some form. The economic strength and political status of the aristocratic giants formed since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties have obviously weakened and declined. It gradually lost its original monopoly position in social, political and economic life. To establish a unified centralized bureaucratic system, a large number of high-quality officials are urgently needed to enrich the administrative agencies of governments at all levels, so that government decrees can be unblocked and the bureaucracy can operate normally, so as to further curb local separatist forces, strengthen imperial power and consolidate centralization. In this case, it is not conducive to meeting the needs of strengthening imperial power and consolidating centralization, nor does it meet the reasonable requirements of small and medium-sized landlords to be officials and politicians, so that local powerful landlords and local officials who often hold scholars to kill and seize power can enjoy great power in selecting and appointing people. Especially since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Nine-grade Zhong Zheng system, which emphasized learning over talent, has not adapted to the changes in the new situation. Therefore, it is imperative to abolish the Jiupin Zhong Zheng system and implement a new enrollment system. Under this macro-historical background, the imperial examination system came into being. She stepped onto the stage of China history with a temporary new attitude and vigorous spirit, and her characteristic is free use ("self-promotion"). Taking examination as the main basis (that is, "everything depends on success"), focusing on the examination power of the official department of the feudal central government, taking the differential examination gradually eliminated from the bottom up as the main screening method, and aiming at strengthening imperial power, the road to becoming an official is widely opened to all levels of the landlord class. ?
Although the Sui Dynasty hoped to select the ruling talents needed by feudal countries through the imperial examination system, during the thirty years of Sui Dynasty's rule, the talents selected through the imperial examination were very limited. "There are only a dozen different tributes." At this time, the imperial examination system was not perfect in the determination of examination purpose, the selection of examination content, the perfection of examination procedures and methods, etc., and it was the initial stage of the imperial examination system. The perfection and development of the imperial examination system is the achievement of the Tang Dynasty.
(B), the implementation of the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty
The Implementation of Imperial Examination System in Tang Dynasty (1)
Although the Tang Dynasty overthrew the rule of the Sui Dynasty politically, it inherited all the excellent organizational systems of the Sui Dynasty in terms of culture and education, especially the system of selecting officials, and supplemented and developed the imperial examination system. During the twenty years between Emperor Taizong and Tang Gaozong (627-655), it developed into a relatively complete examination system and became a typical imperial examination system in China. Later generations just tinkered with it, making slight changes.
6 18 After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, the monarch and minister, summed up the historical experience and lessons and thought that "the root of security lies in winning the people". Only by "appointing people on merit", "appointing officials by quantity" and "appointing provincial officials" can we consolidate the foundation of the feudal regime and achieve long-term stability. Based on the above considerations, the Tang Dynasty inherited and developed the imperial examination system of the Sui Dynasty, and gradually improved this system. The five-year (622) election imperial edict in Tang Gaozu marked the formal establishment of the imperial examination system, which was characterized by facing the society, freely applying for examinations and openly competing.
1. Sources of candidates and registration procedures
There are three main sources of candidates in the Tang Dynasty: one is "students" from schools; The second is to select the "township tribute" sent by the county local selection examination; Third, the candidate personally selected by the emperor "made a move". In fact, there are only two main sources of candidates, students and rural tributes.
About the application procedures.
The imperial examination in Tang Dynasty was conducted at two levels, namely, the initial examination of local counties and central government schools and the provincial examination of Shangshu Province. The procedure of the imperial examination in Tang Dynasty is: township examination (local examination at prefecture and county levels)-provincial examination (etiquette examination in Shangshu Province)-re-examination by the official department.
2. Examination subjects and contents
The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty offered many subjects. According to New Tang Book? Elections include:
The purpose of his subjects is a learned scholar, a learned classic, a wise man, a learned law, a learned book, a calculation, a history, three histories, a ceremony to open a new century, a good example and a boy. There are five classics, three classics, two classics, one poor student, three rituals, three biographies and one history department.
Among them, the permanent subjects mainly include Scholar, Mingjing, Jinshi, Faming, Ziming and Shu Ming. These subjects are also called general subjects.
3. Examination methods
Although there were many subjects in the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty, there were only five methods: oral examination, sticking classics, expressing ideas, strategy and poetry.
4. The function, disadvantages and influence of the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty.
The fundamental purpose of the establishment and implementation of the imperial examination system by the rulers of Sui and Tang Dynasties is to strengthen the imperial power and expand the ruling foundation, thus consolidating the centralized feudal state system. The establishment and implementation of the imperial examination system really played such a historical role.
First of all, the power of election and employment was concentrated in the official department of the feudal central government, which strengthened the imperial power. Since the implementation of the imperial examination, the intellectuals of the general landlord class have been "teaching their children by their fathers, teaching their brothers and doing nothing". They devoted themselves to the imperial examinations, especially "selecting scholars for scholars, listening to all directions and looking at their elegance", which enhanced the cohesion of the court and the stability of social development.
Secondly, it is conducive to the unity of ideas. There is a unified content and common standard for selecting officials in the imperial examination. People all over the country who want to be officials through the imperial examination will try their best to adapt to and reach this standard and play a tangible and intangible role in unity. Third, it opened the way for all classes of the landlord class and the children of the broad masses of ordinary people to be officials, so that the so-called poor people in the past, that is, small and medium-sized landlords and ordinary people in society, obtained the opportunity to participate in politics through the imperial examination, and even obtained high officials and generous salaries. The examination system in the Tang Dynasty implemented the principle of fair competition, and the superior and the inferior were eliminated, and a large number of outstanding talents were selected through strict examinations.
The Implementation of Imperial Examination System in Tang Dynasty (2)
Although the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty played a positive and progressive role under the historical conditions at that time, its shortcomings and drawbacks were also obvious. On the surface, it is fair competition, survival of the fittest, but it is not entirely true. Whether candidates can be admitted or not does not depend entirely on the results in the thesis, which was highlighted in the prevailing practice of "passing the exam" and "writing a thesis" at that time.
The so-called "pass the list" means that the examiner can interview Juzi's reputation in the society and make a "list". Sometimes the examiner will designate a special person to conduct such an interview, which is called "passing list", and the examiner will call it "passing list" for reference when accepting it. In the interview process, the recommendation and word-of-mouth extension of celebrities, literary giants and dignitaries are very important. Sometimes the examiners have decided the first place, the first place (the best) or even the champion according to the "list". For example, Tang Yan Gong Jian has been published for six years: Cui Yan has made some achievements, and Dr. Wu Wuling of imperial academy recommended Du Mu to him, highly praised his "Epang Palace Fu" and suggested that he be the top scholar. Cui Wei replied: The top four places below the No.1 scholar have been taken. Wu Wuling said, "I want to be the fifth person." So Du Mu is ranked fifth. Some people object to Cui Zan's saying that Du Mu's moral character is improper. Cui Zan said, "This is Wu Jun's talk. Although grazing is slaughtered, it cannot be changed. " Whether Du Mu meets the requirements of the top scholar or not, this practice shows that the exam itself has become a mere formality, which undoubtedly opens the door for children like dignitaries.
The so-called "writing a book" means that before the exam, Juzi collected his best poems at ordinary times, compiled them into a book, presented them to famous public officials and social dignitaries at that time, sought their appreciation, created a reputation and recommended them to examiners. It is often not enough to give a paper only once, but also two or three times. This is the so-called "warm paper". There is also a kind of paper that is directly submitted to the provincial department of rites of Shangshu, who is in charge of the examination. It is called "provincial paper" and also called "public paper". According to historical records, some famous literati in the Tang Dynasty had such activities before the exam. However, in the process of implementing the imperial examination, the situation of "paper running" and "paper warming" is more complicated. As can be seen from the examination paper, Juzi's historical talent, poetic style and argument are superior, which can increase the accuracy of the examiner's admission. For those impartial examiners and celebrities who are bent on seeking talents, "writing papers" is a better way to comprehensively understand and examine talents, so it is actually more positive than relying on a piece of paper to decide whether to enroll students in the examination room. But there is also a negative side, which facilitates help, communication, private recommendation and long-distance agreement. The so-called "noble people rely on power, rich people rely on money, and relatives and friends rely on love." This phenomenon is not uncommon. Some drawbacks in the imperial examination were related to the social and political corruption at that time, especially with the increasingly fierce competition in the examination, the phenomenon of graft became more and more serious. Therefore, preventing graft has become a prominent problem in the imperial examination.
The Implementation of Imperial Examination System in Tang Dynasty (3)
In order to solve the problem of corruption in the imperial examination, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty once implemented the paste name system, which began in the early years of Wu Zetian's accession to the throne. The so-called "Wuhou's election of officials is not true, but his name was posted from the trial date to determine the level." The implementation of the paste name method is a major reform of the examination system, which is conducive to objective marking and fair selection of talents. It paved the way for the full implementation of the system of sealing (pasting names) in the late Northern Song Dynasty. This practice has been absorbed by us today. In addition, a re-examination system has been implemented, that is, if it is suspected that the examiner is not real-time, a special person will be sent for a re-examination. For example, in the first year of Mu Zong Changqing (82 1), Prime Minister Duan Wenchang and Yuan Zhen accused Qian Hui, assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, of being dishonest in taking scholars, while Zheng Lang and other 14 Jinshi were incompetent children. "Poverty is handsome, and ten abandons six or seven." So Mu Zong ordered Bai Juyi and others to re-examine Zheng Lang and others 14, and wrote "Lonely Bamboo Watching the Recovery" and "Poems Made by Scattered Birds". As a result, ten people were lost, Qian Hui was demoted to Jiangzhou Secretariat, and other officials involved in fraud were also punished. This practice of re-examination is of positive significance to ensure the quality of the examination.
The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on school education at that time.
First of all, the imperial examination directly affects the development of school education. Of course, fundamentally speaking, the development of school education depends on the development and changes of social politics and economy. However, the influence of the imperial examination on it should not be underestimated. Imperial examination is the system of selecting officials, and education is the organ of cultivating talents. There are both consistency and conflicts and contradictions between them.
The imperial examination has a very close relationship with the school. Students trained by the school must pass the imperial examination before they can obtain the official examination qualification, and qualified personnel can only be awarded official positions after re-examination by the official department. Because students at school can get the qualification to take the imperial examination and have the opportunity to be an official in politics. In addition, in the early Tang Dynasty, attention was paid to selecting talents from students from two prisons, which mobilized the enthusiasm of the children of the landlord class, especially the children of the small and medium-sized landlord class, and promoted the development of school education. As the saying goes, "a five-foot man is ashamed to speak." Therefore, under the impetus of the imperial examination, the official schools in the early Tang Dynasty developed greatly in quantity and quality.
However, from the time of Wu Zetian, because the rulers emphasized the imperial examination and despised the school, the imperial examination and its subjects were rarely selected from the students who came from the school, which led to the decline of the quantity and quality of school education. This was the negative impact of the imperial examination on school education until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
Secondly, the imperial examination has obvious influence on the training objectives, teaching contents and teaching methods of school education. The training goal of school education is mainly to prepare for the imperial examination, so the school gradually becomes the preparatory organ or vassal of the imperial examination. The purpose of entering the school is to "serve Tian Shelang in the morning and go to the emperor's hall in the evening". The purpose of reading education makes fun of the reader's mentality and determines the students' life orientation.
The content of the imperial examination has become the content of school education, and the school will teach whatever the imperial examination is. For example, the teaching plans of the four courses of Guo Zi, imperial academy and Tang Dynasty are all arranged according to the standard of choosing candidates through nine classics in the imperial examination. The imperial examination focuses on book judgment, strategy and poetry, and the educational content of the school will also focus on learning Chinese characters, learning current affairs and writing poems and songs.
The method of imperial examination is also the main method used to evaluate students' performance in school. For example, the imperial examination pays attention to sticking to classics and meaning, and schools also use the method of sticking to classics and meaning to test students. The imperial examination pays attention to strategy and poetry, and the school also tests strategy and poetry. As a result, students only pay attention to reciting classic chapters and sentences, and are good at choosing words and making sentences without paying attention to actual learning. They have strong ability to take exams and poor ability to do things, which is the negative influence of school education. However, we should also see that the imperial examination also promoted the standardization of school education content and the diversification of examination methods.
The influence of imperial examination system on schools is various and multi-level, and its positive and negative effects coexist.
(3) The development of imperial examination system in Song Dynasty.
The imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty basically followed the system in the Tang Dynasty, but with the change of the situation, there were many innovations and developments.
The imperial examination system was founded in Sui and Tang Dynasties, matured in Song Dynasty, reached its peak in Northern Song Dynasty, and began to decline in Southern Song Dynasty.
In the early Song Dynasty, in order to recruit talents and further strengthen the imperial examination, a series of measures were taken to strengthen the imperial examination.
The first is to increase the number of candidates in the imperial examination.
Secondly, it improved the status and treatment after the imperial examination.
Thirdly, strictly legislate, improve the examination system and prevent fraud.
The specific performance is as follows:
First, court officials may not recommend candidates to take the exam. Song Law stipulates: "Brother Guan, Taiwan provincial officials should ask people who are jurors to confide in them, and those who hide them should discuss their crimes." "Kings, princesses and courtiers should not ask their relatives below to give them their surnames."
The second is to temporarily appoint inspectors and implement the system of "locking the hospital". Examiners were changed every year in the Song Dynasty.
The third is to hold a second interview and a "no try".
The fourth is to implement the system of "affixing names" and "copying names".
The above measures were formulated for cheating in the examination room, which improved the ancient examination system in China, fully embodied the principle of fair competition, and played a positive role in selecting talents in an eclectic way, consolidating the foundation of feudal rule and improving the quality of officials. ?
But the system is man-made. It can be built or destroyed. With the decline of the Song Dynasty, it is difficult to prevent examiners from practicing favoritism by "affixing names" and "copying".
(4) The evolution of imperial examination system in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.
1. Imperial Examination System in Liao Dynasty
Following the example of the Tang Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty set up three levels in the imperial examination, namely, the provincial examination, the provincial examination and the provincial examination.
The imperial examination in Liao dynasty was once a year when it was first resumed, and once every three years since the emperor was promoted in Liao dynasty. After the examination, the marking procedure and the method of awarding officials basically followed the old system of Tang and Song Dynasties, and there was no obvious change. After admission, the scholars are divided into three grades, A, B and C, also known as A, B and C. Generally, the admission places are 5 students in A, 6 students in B and 2 students in C. In order to show the importance attached to the imperial examination, attract talents, expand influence and enhance the cohesion of the political power, the Liao government stipulated that the emperor personally meet the new scholars and hold a grand ceremony to let them know their gratitude to the emperor. ?
The imperial examination system in Liao Dynasty was mainly established for Han people. The Khitans are strictly forbidden to participate. First, it shows the government's respect for the advanced culture of the Central Plains in order to win over the Han intellectuals and serve the Liao Dynasty. Third, prevent the Khitan people from sinicizing. As long as the Khitans learn to ride horses, shoot arrows and exercise military power steadily, they will always be in an advantageous position. According to legend, during the reign of Emperor Xing in Liao Dynasty, Yelushi was punished with "200 lashes" for letting his son take the imperial examination, which shows that the early years of Liao Dynasty strictly controlled the Khitan nobles to take the imperial examination. However, due to the influence of the advanced civilization of the Central Plains on the Khitans and the expansion of the scope of the imperial examination, many young Khitans were eager to learn China's advanced culture and hoped to become progressive and enlightened intellectuals through the imperial examination, which further expanded the scope of the imperial examination. By the late Liao Dynasty, the restrictions on the participation of Khitan people in imperial examinations were gradually relaxed, and many children of Khitan nobles took the imperial examinations.
2. Introduction to Imperial Examination in Jin Dynasty?
In A.D.115, Hong Yan Akuta, a jurchen aristocrat, established the golden regime in Huining (now Baicheng, Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province). In A.D. 1 125, Jin wiped out Liao, 1 127 wiped out the Northern Song Dynasty,114/Jin reached a "Shaoxing Peace Conference" with the Southern Song Dynasty's Pian 'an regime, controlling all areas north of the Huaihe River. In order to win over the intellectuals of the Han nationality, the Jin Dynasty set up the subject examination for the first time in the first year of Tianhui of Emperor Taizong (A.D. 1 123), and held the examination twice in succession the following year. After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty (1 127), Jin held an examination in the north and south, and enrolled scholars in both Confucian classics and Ci. 150 people were admitted to the south field and 200 people were admitted to the north field. By the end of Emperor Hailing, the method of the North-South Examination was abolished, and the imperial examination system was uniformly adjusted and arranged, and it was determined to be held every three years. The examination is divided into four grades, namely, provincial examination, provincial examination and palace examination (or palace examination). The examination subjects are Ci Fu, Confucian classics, strategic theory, law, Confucian classics, pediatrics and so on. The test questions range from the texts of Five Classics and Three History. In the three subjects of Ci-Fu, Jing-Yi and Ce-Lun, they are called Jinshi; In France, Classics and Children's Home. In addition, the imperial examinations in the Jin Dynasty also set up temporary subjects. In the 11th year of Dading in Jin Shizong (A.D. 1 17 1), Jurchen Jinshi was initiated to recruit Jurchen to take the exam. The contents, methods and admission procedures of the examination are different from those of the Han people. However, Jurchen nobles can also obtain official positions directly through hereditary methods without passing the imperial examination. ?
3. Compendium of Imperial Examination in Yuan Dynasty?
1206, Genghis Khan proclaimed himself emperor and established the Mongolian khanate. In A.D. 1237, after Kuotai Khan, the son of Genghis Khan, occupied the Central Plains, he took the advice of Yelu Chucai, secretary of the Central Secretariat, selected scholars in Confucianism, and set up three subjects: Confucian classics, Ci poetry and strategic theory, stipulating that anyone who specializes in one subject can pass the exam, and Han intellectuals who were captured as slaves can also take the exam. At this time, as many as 4030 people passed the exam. 1260, after Kublai Khan unified China, some Han officials repeatedly suggested setting up subject examinations, but the court never decided. It was not until A.D. 13 13 that the Yuan Dynasty formally stipulated the imperial examination regulations.
The Yuan Dynasty, like Liao and Jin Dynasties, practiced a policy of ethnic discrimination in culture and education. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty divided the people under their jurisdiction into four classes: the first class was Mongols; The second category is semu people; The third category is the Han people (including the Khitan, Nuzhen and the Han people under the former Jin Dynasty); The fourth category is southerners, including Han people south of the Yangtze River and ethnic minorities in southwest China. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty stipulated that Mongolians and Semu people only need to pass two relatively easy exams to win the first place, while Han people and South people have to pass three very difficult exams to win the first place. When the results are published, they are also published in two lists. Mongolians and Semu people make a list, which is called the "right list"; Han people and southerners make another list called "Left List". ?
The imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty was also held once every three years, which was divided into three levels: the first level was the provincial examination. The second is the exam (no exam), and the third is the imperial examination (that is, the court exam). After the imperial examination, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty will host a banquet in the Hanlin National History Institute to entertain the new Jinshi.
(5) The decay of imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1. Multiple route selection?
In the early Ming Dynasty, due to the need of officials in the rebuilt bureaucracy, many ways were adopted to select talents, and the imperial examination, inspection and recommendation went hand in hand with school education. Zhu Yuanzhang also creatively put forward the policy of "taking part in work" for all ages. However, in order to prevent the officials at all levels responsible for recommendation from abusing their powers for personal gain, Zhu Yuanzhang clearly put forward that "the election law should be strict, and abusers should be arrested and punished". ?
In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the imperial examination to be held for three consecutive years. However, Zhu Yuanzhang was quite dissatisfied, because all the people who took the imperial examination were young people and lacked the actual ability to hold posts, so he suspended the imperial examination from the sixth year of Hongwu (1373). After the abolition of the imperial examination, the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to recommending and selecting scholars and advocated learning and cultivating talents. But the recommended situation is not much better than the imperial examination, even worse than the imperial examination. After repeated comparison and weighing, the Ming Dynasty decided to restore the imperial examination system.
2. imperial examination procedure?
Imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties paid the most attention to Jinshi. There are generally four examination procedures:
The first is the "children's test". Children's test is a preparatory test, that is, a pretest. Candidates, regardless of age, are called "Tong Sheng" or "Confucians". Boys and girls first take exams at local state and county levels, and states and county heads take exams. After passing the preliminary examination, Tong Sheng was called "student", also called "Yao Sheng", and generally called "scholar".
The second step is to "finish the exam". "After the provincial examination" is the provincial examination. Held once every three years, it is called the triennial "contest". Because the examination time is set in August of the lunar calendar, it is also called "Qiu Wei". After having obtained the provincial examination, the first place was "Xie Yuan". The so-called "solution" means "sending", that is, those who pass the local examination will be sent to Beijing to take the "exam". The so-called "yuan" is the first meaning. After the provincial examination, the second name is "Yayuan". The third, fourth and fifth places are "Jingkui". The sixth name is Aquinas. Others are called "Wen Kui".
In the Ming dynasty, there was also a phenomenon of "taking holes as the theme". The so-called "acupoint regulation" is to allocate a number of places to the academy to take the imperial examination.
The third step is to "try". "Examination" is a national examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites. The examination time was held in February of the second spring after the provincial examination, so it was also called "Li Wei" or "Chunwei". Those who take the exam must be candidates for the rural exam. ?
The exam will be held in three times, on February 9th, 12 and 13 respectively.
The fourth step is called "Shi Ting" or "court examination". The person who takes the court exam must be the first person to take the exam. On the occasion of the palace entrance examination, the emperor should personally plan for the court and directly preside over it, so as to show that the right to choose and employ people is in the hands of the emperor, and it is a boon to have a royal door. But in general, the imperial examination is only a form, which reflects the court's attention to talents. This level of examination didn't go or stay, only ranked up and down. Palace examination won the first, second and third place in the exam, collectively referred to as Jinshi. When the Jinshi announced the list, a roll-call ceremony was held in front of the temple, and the emperor personally announced the ranking of the Jinshi, which was called biography. After the announcement, the emperor personally held a "state banquet". There are three people in palace examination, namely, the champion, the runner-up and the flower detective, collectively referred to as "giving Jinshi peace". After the ranking was announced, he was awarded an official position. The champion was edited by imperial academy, and the runner-up and Hua Tan were edited by imperial academy. A number of people, "given Jinshi origin" several people in the top three, "given the same Jinshi origin." Second, the first place in the top three is called "Biography", and it won the first place in the provincial, public and palace examinations, called "Lianzhong Sanyuan", which is the highest honor in life.
(6) Abolish the imperial examination system
In Guangxu 3 1 year, namely 1905, the imperial edict abolished scientific research. China continued the imperial examination system of 1300 years, and officially withdrew from the historical stage in 605 AD, that is, the imperial examination was established in the first year of Yang Di the Great.