First of all, this person's title

Modesty: When addressing relatives and friends, the ancients often used modest words such as "home" and "shed". "Home" is a modest word used to address a person's elders or older relatives, such as my father, mother and brother. "She" is used to humbly address one's home or one's only child relative. The former is like a shed, and the latter is like a brother, sister and nephew.

Courtesy: A respectful and polite attitude is called honorific. (1) A general is regarded as a subordinate. (2) Have orders and respect. For each other or their relatives. Ling, which means beautiful, is used to address the relatives of the other party, such as your father (the other party's father), your mother (the other party's mother), your brother (the other party's brother), your son (the other party's son) and your lover (the other party's daughter). Honorific terms are used to refer to people or things related to the other party, such as honoring Shang (called the other party's parents), respecting the public, respecting the monarch, respecting the father (called the other party's father), respecting Tang (called the other party's mother), respecting Qin (called the other party), respecting Ming (called the other party's responsibility) and honoring the instrument (called the other party's meaning). (3) Add. (4) Use "saints" to show respect for people with high moral character and superior wisdom, such as Confucius as a saint and Mencius as a second saint. Later, the word "saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as saints and holy drivers.

There are three special titles:

(1) person's title. The common ones are Buyi, Shoushou, Limin, Sheng Min, Sublime, Ordinary People, Liyuan and Mang.

(2) Appellations between different friends. The friends you make when you are poor and in a low position are called "poor friends"; Friends who are friendly and close as brothers are called "the turn of Jin Lan"; Friends who share weal and woe are called "tight-necked friends"; Friends formed when encountering hardships are called "friends in need"; Friends with similar interests and deep friendship are called "friends who don't look back"; A good friend of the opposite sex who grew up together is called "friendship of bamboo and horses"; Friends of different generations and ages are called "forgetting to make friends"; Friends who don't care about their identity or appearance are called "forgetful friends"; Friends who don't change their deep friendship because of the change of nobility and inferiority are called "car hats"; Friends who support each other morally are called "friends of gentlemen"; Friends who are like-minded and know each other well are called "friends who have never met before" ("friends who have never met before"). )

(3) the title of age. Tiáo is a child between the ages of three or four and eight or nine (Tiá o, short hair hanging from the head of an ancient child). The total angle is eight or nine years old to thirteen or fourteen years old. In ancient times, children divided their hair into two halves and tied it in a knot at the top of their heads, which was shaped like two horns, so it was called "full horn"). Cardamom is thirteen or fourteen years old to fifteen or sixteen years old (Cardamom is a plant that blooms in early summer, but not yet in midsummer, which means that people are still underage, so it is called "cardamom"). The hair was tied when the man was fifteen (when he was fifteen, the man dissolved the original corner and tied it into a bundle. The weak crown is a person of twenty years old. In ancient times, when a person was crowned at the age of twenty, it showed that he had reached adulthood, so he was called a "weak crown" because he had not yet reached the prime of life. Standing is a man's thirty years old. Not confused is that the man is forty (not confused, "not confused, not confused"). Know life is a 50-year-old man (know life, meaning "knowing destiny"). This flower is sixty years old. Gu Xi is seventy years old. Mao and dié refer to eighty or ninety years old. Yi is one hundred years old.

Second, the astronomical calendar

Star: Xi. In ancient times, constellations were called stars. Fan Jinzhong Residence: "Now I am the master, the stars in the sky." "The stars in the sky can't beat it." It is a superstition that the ancients thought that all the people with fame in the world were born of stars.

Another name for the moon:

Because the first moon is like a hook, it is called a silver hook and a jade hook.

Because the full moon is like a wheel, a plate and a mirror, it is called a silver plate and a jade plate.

It is said that there are rabbits and toads on the moon, so they are called silver rabbits, jade rabbits and the moon.

Because there is a laurel tree in legend, it is called Gui Yue and Guangxi Palace.

According to legend, there are Guanghan Palace and Qing Xu Palace in the middle of the month, so they are called Guanghan Palace and Qing Xu Palace.

Because it is said that Chang 'e lives on the moon, it is called Chang 'e.

Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan.

Galaxy: Also known as Han Yin and Tianhe. Cao Cao's "Watching the Sea": "Star Han is brilliant, if it is out of its territory." Qin Guan's "Queqiao Fairy" said: "Thin clouds are clever, flying stars spread grievances, and silver is far from Han."

Wenquxing: One of the names of stars. In the old superstition, Wen Quxing was the star in charge of literary movement, and the person who was hired as a high official by Qian Chao was Wen Quxing. For example, Wu's Fan Jinzhong Residence: "These masters of Chinese studies are all satellites in the sky."

24 solar terms:

Beginning of spring in the first month, rain in February, and the vernal equinox.

Qingming in March, long summer in Grain Rain in April, small full.

May awning, summer solstice, June light heat, great heat.

Beginning of autumn in July, Millennium in August, autumnal equinox.

Cold dew in September, frost in beginning of winter and light snow in early October.

Winter solstice, 1 1 month heavy snow,1February slight cold and severe cold.

In order to facilitate memory, people have compiled a ballad: "Spring rain scares the snow and clears the valley, summer is full and summer is hot, autumn is cold and frost falls, and winter snow is raining." Twenty-four solar terms are commonly used in ancient poems, such as "Yangzhou Slow": "Cherish spring and freeze to the sun, which means winter to the sun."

Third, ancient geography.

China: Now it is short for People's Republic of China (PRC). But in ancient literature, it is often used to refer to the Central Plains.

Kyushu: Nine administrative regions in ancient legends of China. These states are now named as: Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang and Yong. Later, it became another name for China. Lu You said in a poem: "Only when you die will you know that everything is empty, but you will see the sadness of Kyushu."

Central Plains: Narrowly refers to the surrounding areas of Henan Province, and broadly refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the whole Yellow River basin. For example, the "model": "When the award leads to the three armies, it will be set in the Central Plains in the North." Lu You's poem "Shizi" says: "Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell Naiweng." Refers to the whole Yellow River basin.

Inland: According to ancient legends, the territory of China is surrounded by the sea, so it is called inland. Ren Zhou Shu of Du Shaofu, Wang Bo: "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, as long as heaven is our neighbor."

Rivers: Many ancient articles specifically mention the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. Here "Jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "River" refers to the canal.

Jiangnan: the general name of Jiangnan, and the areas referred to vary from time to time. Bai Juyi said: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery has been cooked." Wang Anshi said in a poem, "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan. When will the bright moon shine on me? "

Landscape yin and yang: in ancient times, the south of the mountain and the north of the water were yang, and the north of the mountain and the south of the water were yin. "Gong Yu Yishan": "It refers to the south of Henan and reaches Hanyin." "Hanyin" refers to the south of Hanshui River.

Nicknames of ancient place names: Nanjing, for example, is also called Jiankang, Jinling, Jiangning and Baixia. Another example is that Yangzhou is called Guangling and Weiyang, and Li Bai's "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "Fireworks go down to Yangzhou in March". For example, Hangzhou is called Lin 'an and Wulin, Suzhou is called Gusu, and Chengdu is called Jinguancheng. "Night parking near Fengqiao": "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, midnight bells ring to passenger ships." "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy."

Fourth, the imperial examination system

Points: After having obtained the township examination, after having obtained the township examination, palace examination. Palace examination: It is the highest level examination in the imperial examination system. In the palace, the emperor personally asked Gong who was going to take the exam to decide the first place. Admission is divided into three classes: first class, third class, then the title of "Jinshi Ji", the first place in the champion (Dingyuan), the second place in the second place, and the third place in the flower exploration; If the amount of dimethyl is thousands, it will be given the title of "Jinshi origin"; Among the top three, the first name is Chuanchuan, and the first, second and third names are collectively referred to as Jinshi.

Lianzhong sanyuan: the first place in the imperial examination is yuan, and those who win the first place in the township, community and temple examinations in succession are called "Lianzhong sanyuan"

Verb (abbreviation for verb) custom and etiquette

Spring Festival: The longest festival in China's traditional customs. This is the first such part. The ancients also called Yuanri, New Year, Xinzheng and so on. Now they are called after the Spring Festival through the public calendar. Setting off firecrackers, posting Spring Festival couplets, hanging New Year pictures, playing with dragon lanterns, dancing lions and celebrating the New Year are still widely popular.

Lantern Festival: a traditional folk festival in China. Also known as the first half of the first month, Shangyuan Festival and Lantern Festival. The customs of Lantern Festival include watching lanterns, wrapping jiaozi, playing New Year drums, solve riddles on the lanterns and so on.

Tomb-Sweeping Day: a traditional folk festival in China. Its customs include sweeping graves, hiking, swinging, flying kites and wearing flowers.

Dragon Boat Festival: a traditional folk festival in China. Also known as Duanyang, Chongwu and Chongwu. It is generally believed that this festival is related to the commemoration of Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was loyal and drowned himself, so people ate zongzi and held dragon boat races to mourn him. The customs of the Dragon Boat Festival include drinking realgar wine, hanging sachets, eating zongzi, arranging calamus flowers, beating herbs and expelling the "five poisons".

Mid-Autumn Festival: a traditional folk festival in China. Also known as the reunion festival.

The resultant force of China folk traditions. On the evening of December 30th of the lunar calendar.

Sacrifice: livestock used for sacrifice in ancient times. There is a saying in Zuo Zhuan's Debate on Cao Gui: "Sacrifice jade and silk, if you dare to add it, you will believe it."

Good of Qin and Jin Dynasties: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Jin monarchs intermarried from generation to generation, and later people called the marriage of two surnames "good of Qin and Jin Dynasties".

Take Qi Mei as an example: In ancient times, when a wife served a meal for her husband, she had to take Yumei as an example to show her respect.

Sixth, music and entertainment.

Four Treasures of the Study: In the old days, it was a general term for four kinds of stationery: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.

Three friends of Lao Han: pine, bamboo and plum are often mentioned in ancient poetry.

Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, bamboo, orchid and chrysanthemum often mentioned in ancient poetry.

Seven, literature and history classics

Four books: University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius.

Five Classics: Abbreviations of the Five Classics: Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Yi, Spring and Autumn Period.

General History of China's First Biography. Formerly known as Taishi Gongshu, it was called Historical Records after the Eastern Han Dynasty and was written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty. The book 130, including biographies 12, tables 10, 8 books, 30 families and 70 biographies, records the history of about 3000 years from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Literary part

(A) junior high school students should master ancient writers.

1. Confucius was a thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Famous mountains, the word Zhong Ni, take "benevolence" as the core. In education and teaching, it advocates "teaching without distinction", "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", "drawing inferences from others", "learning while thinking", "learning with excellence is an official", "shameless", "not resentful" and "not unwilling". Created a private lecture style, with 3000 disciples and 72 sages. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the orthodoxy of feudal culture for more than two thousand years, with great influence. Six Analects of Confucius is selected from The Analects of Confucius, which is a collection of quotations that specifically records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. The famous sentences are: review the old and learn the new; Not ashamed to ask questions; Never tire of learning, never tire of teaching; A threesome requires a teacher.

2. Zuo Qiuming people in the Spring and Autumn Period. The author of Zuo Zhuan. Zuo Zhuan is China's first detailed chronicle work. Cao Gui's debate is selected from this book. There is an idiom: assemble.

3. Mencius, a thinker, politician, educator and essayist in the Warring States period, was called "Yasheng" and "Confucius and Mencius" together with Confucius. The name "Qi" and the word "Qi" emphasize "the people are wise" and practice "kingly way". Put forward the theory of "good nature" on the issue of human nature. He is the author of Mencius, which is selected from Mencius Gongsun Chou and Mencius Zi. He was born in sorrow and died in happiness. The famous sentences are: get more help from the Tao, get less help from the Tao; Born in sorrow, died in happiness.

4. Han Fei was a thinker in the Warring States Period and a representative figure of Legalists at the end of the Warring States Period. Han Feizi is the representative work of pre-Qin legalists. "Bian Que Meets Cai Huangong" is taken from "Han Feizi's Old Language". Idioms include: avoiding diseases and doctors.

5. Liezi, one of the representatives of Taoism in the early Warring States period, was respected as a predecessor by Taoism. Mingyukou. He is the author of Liezi 8. Yu Gong Yi Shan is selected from Liezi Tang Wen. Idioms include: Yu Gong moves mountains.

Han dynasty writers

6. Sima Qian was a famous historian and writer in ancient China. Word length, from the Western Han Dynasty. He devoted his life to writing the first biography of China, which was later called Historical Records. Chen She Family is taken from Historical Records Chen She Family. The idiom is: the ambition of a swan. There is a famous saying: What kind of prince would you rather have?

7. Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. The word Kongming, "The Teacher's Watch" is a famous article that has been passed down through the ages, selected from Zhuge Jiliang. Idioms include: belittle yourself, commit a crime, wait for the day and look at the cottage.

8. Tao Yuanming was the first pastoral poet in China. The famous Qian, whose character is Ming, is Mr. Jing Jie, who calls himself Mr. Wu Liu. Peach Blossom Garden is selected from Tao Yuanming's collected works and is the preface of Peach Blossom Garden Poetry. Idioms are: suddenly enlightened, Xanadu, chicken and dog hear each other, no one cares.

Tang dynasty writers

9. Wang Bo, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty, was one of the "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty". The word zi an. Du Shaofu's Ren Zhoushu is selected from his book Wang Zian Collection. The famous sentence is: However, as long as China keeps our friendship, as long as heaven remains our neighbor.

10, a poet of the Tang Dynasty in Wang Changling. He doesn't talk much, and he is good at seven-character quatrains, so he is called "the master of seven words". Furong Inn and Xinjian and Chusai, two famous capitals, were selected from the whole Tang poetry. There is a famous saying: when the moon was bright in the Qin Dynasty, it was closed in the Han Dynasty, and people did not return on the Long March.

1 1, Wang Wei, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. His famous works include Birds Singing in the Stream (Five Wonders) and Sending Two Envoys to Anxi.

Su Shi praised Wang Wei's words, "Taste poetry, there are paintings in poetry, watch paintings, and there are poems in paintings". Send Yuan Twenty An (another name is Qu, Yangguan Qu and Yangguan Triassic) is selected from Wang Youcheng Collection. There is a famous saying: I advise you to drink more wine and go out of Yangguan for no reason.

12, Li Bai, the greatest romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty. The word Taibai, named Qinglian lay, is selected from the Complete Works of Li Taibai, including Qiupu Song, Yellow Crane Tower, Farewell to Meng Haoran's trip to Yangzhou and Looking at Tianmen Mountain. There is a famous saying: the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the lonely sails are drying themselves.

13, Du Fu's realism in Tang Dynasty. This word is beautiful. In the poem, he claimed to be a young and wild old man, and people called him Du Shaoling. His works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, which is called "the history of poetry". Down the river, meet with Li and Li in Tongguan, say goodbye, get married, say goodbye and go home.

14, a frontier poet in Cen Can in Tang Dynasty. The representative work is Snow White Farewell to Tian Wu Gui (seven ancient books) selected from the library. The famous sentence is: Like the strong wind in spring, it blows at night and blows open the petals of 10,000 pear trees.

15, Han Yu, an essayist and poet in the Tang Dynasty, was an advocate of the ancient prose movement together with Liu Zongyuan, ranking first among the "Eight Great Masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties". To put it bluntly, Ma Shuo is selected from Mr. Changli's works. The famous sentence is: there is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse.

16, Liu Yuxi was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Dream word, "Humble Room Ming" is selected from "All Tang Poems". The famous sentences are: the mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous; There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university.

17, Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi. The word Lotte,No. Xiangshan lay. Selling Charcoal Weng () is a song in New Yuefu, which is selected from Bai's Collection. Spring Tour in Qiantang (Seven Laws) is also selected from Bai Changqing's collected works.

18, Liu Zongyuan, one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". The word is thick, and the world is called Liuhe East. The Snake Catcher is selected from his Liu Hedong Collection. Idioms include: chickens and dogs are restless.

19, Du Mu, a late Tang poet. The word Mu Zhi. Together with Li Shangyin, they are called "Little Du Li". Jiang Nan Chun is selected from Fan Chuan's poems. The famous sentence is: four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy.

Song dynasty writers

20. Fan Zhongyan was a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. Word Greek, Zheng Wen, posthumous title. Yueyang Tower is selected from Gong Ji, Fan Wenzheng. Idioms include: colorful, relaxed and happy. There is a famous saying: the worries of the world first, the joy of the world later.

2 1 1, Ouyang Xiu, a writer and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, a leader of the ancient prose movement, and one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". The word uncle Yong, drunk Weng, layman. Zuiweng Pavilion is selected from Ouyang Wenzhong's public collection. There is an idiom: the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, and the roots are traced back to the roots.

22. Zhou Dunyi was the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. Uncle Mao. Hu Ailianshuo was elected from Gong Ji under his Zhu Yuanzhang. The idiom is: Mud and sand flow together.

23. Su Shi was an outstanding writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Together with his father Xun and his brother Zhe, they are also called "Three Soviets" and belong to the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Zi Zi Zhan, a famous Dongpo layman, is bold and unconstrained, which has a great influence on later generations. Hui Chong (The Four Wonders) is selected from Su Shi's poems, and When is the Moon in the Water is selected from Dongpo Yuefu. There is a famous saying: people have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of rain and shine; We hope to live a long life for each other to share the beauty of this beautiful moonlight, even though we are separated from Wan Li.

24. Li Qingzhao was a famous poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word "Yi 'an" is called "Yi 'an Jushi", and "Like a Dream" is selected from her "Shu Yu Ci".

25. Lu You, a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word "service concept" was released on the th, "1 1 4th of the month is a storm". The famous sentence includes: lying in the middle of the night listening to the wind and rain, dreaming of an iron horse glacier.

26-year-old Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. No. Chengzhai's See Jingci Temple at Dawn to Send Lin Zifang (Seven Unique Poems) is selected from Chengzhai Collection. There is a famous saying: the next day, the lotus leaves are infinitely bright, and the lotus flowers reflect differently in the sun.

27. Xin Qiji was a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word "You 'an" is called Jiaxuan, and Xijiang Moon and Broken Array are selected from Jiaxuan's long and short sentences.

Yuan and Ming writers

28. Ma Zhiyuan was a drama writer and essayist in Yuan Dynasty. No, Dongli, as the representative of "Tianjingsha Qiu Si", has a famous saying: A small bridge flows like a family, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world.

29. Zhang: composer of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty. The famous sentences in "Goat Tongguan Nostalgia" are: Xing, people suffer; Death makes people suffer.

30. Shi Naian was a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. It's called an, and the word is Nai 'an. His masterpiece "The Water Margin" is a long vernacular novel. Lutaiquan Guanxi Town, selected from Water Margin (7 1 copy).

Modern writers in Qing dynasty

3 1, Pu Songling was a writer in Qing Dynasty. Word, word, layman Liu Quan, known as Mr. Liaozhai. It took him decades to write the first collection of short stories in classical Chinese, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. Wolf is taken from the book Three Wolves.

32. The Scholars by Wu, a novelist in Qing Dynasty, is the first satirical novel in China and the peak of satirical art in ancient China novels. Fan Jinzhong Residence is an excerpt from The Third Return.

33. Cao Xueqin was a novelist in Qing Dynasty. The word Meng Ruan,No. Xueqin,No. Qinpu, a native of Western Qin. In his later years, he wrote A Dream of Red Mansions, formerly known as The Story of the Stone, which was continued by Gao E in the last forty chapters. It belongs to chapter and chapter novels. The case of the gourd monk judging the gourd is taken from the fourth chapter of the original work.

Pre-Qin writers

1, Qu Yuan, the founder of China's active poetry and the first great patriotic poet in China. He wrote the first long political lyric poem Li Sao in the form of Chu Ci. The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the anniversary of his sinking into the old Luojiang River.

2. The representative figure of Xunzi Confucianism. In terms of reputation, he put forward the theory of evil nature and responded to Mencius' theory of good nature, and wrote 32 works of Xunzi, such as "Persuading Learning" and "The Theory of Heaven".

Wei and Jin writers

1, Cao Cao was a politician, strategist and poet in the Three Kingdoms period. The word Meng De. His poems are famous for their generosity and tragic. Looking at the Sea is selected from Yuefu Poetry Collection, which is a chapter in Out of Xiamen.

Writers of Tang and Five Dynasties

1, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, such as The Return of the Native and Singing Willow.

2. Wang Zhihuan was a poet in Tang Dynasty. His "Liangzhou Ci" and "Dengque Lou" are the treasures of the quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.

Meng Haoran was a famous pastoral poet in Tang Dynasty. He is very close to Wang Wei and is called "Wang Meng". Passing through the Old People's Village is selected from Selected Works of Meng Xiangyang.

4. Gao Shi was a frontier poet in Tang Dynasty.

5. Li Shangyin was a poet in Tang Dynasty. Masterpieces such as Untitled and Notes for a Friend in the North on a Rainy Night.

Song dynasty writers

1, Su Xun essayist in Northern Song Dynasty. He and his sons, Su Shi and Su Zhe, are also called "Three Sus" and are among the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".

2. Wang Anshi was a political reformer, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. Character Festival, known as Mid-levels Mountain, is one of the eight great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties. Mr. Yin's book "The Wall in the Heart of the Lake" (Seven Unique Poems) is selected from "Shi Gong Zhu".

3. Wen Tianxiang was a minister and patriotic politician in Southern Song Dynasty. Song Zhengqi and A Guide to the South.

Ancient works mastered by junior high school students

1. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. It contains 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1 1 century) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (before the 7th century) for about 500 years. Generally called "Poetry" or "Poetry 300". In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism called the books compiled by Confucius "Classics", and poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period were collectively called "Five Classics". The book is divided into three categories: style, elegance and praise. Use fu (narrative description), comparison (metaphor) and xing (supporting things to arouse interest).

2. Zuo Zhuan is the first chronicled history book in China. Originally known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, it is said that it was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu State and Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period, according to The Spring and Autumn Annals of Fish History.

The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of Confucianism. It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, compiled by Confucius' disciples and Zaiwei's disciples. Studying here, Leon. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu combined it with Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius into four books.

Mencius is one of the classic works of Confucianism. It recorded Mencius' speech and activities, as well as academic expositions on political theory, philosophical ethics and educational thoughts. The book "Getting more help from the Tao, but not from the Tao" is selected from Mencius' Gongsun Chou, and "Born in Worry, Died in Happiness" is selected from Mencius' confession, with the title added by the editor.

5. Liezi is said to have been written by Lieyu Kou, a Zheng man in the Warring States Period. One Mountain in Gong Yu, a famous fable in ancient times, is selected from Liezi Tang Wen.

6. Everything was done by Han Fei, the representative of Legalism at the end of the Warring States Period. Bian Que Meets Cai Huangong is an excerpt from the old Everything is done wrong.

7. Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China. The books written by Taishiling and Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty recorded the 3000-year history from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It has a collection of 65,438+030 volumes, including biographies of emperors (65,438+065,438+0), aristocratic families (30), biographies of people (70), chronologies (65,438+00) and books (about economy, astronomy, calendar and music). Chen She Family is taken from Historical Records Chen She Family.

8. Yuefu Poetry Collection is a collection of Yuefu poetry from Han Wei to Tang and Five Dynasties. These movements and poems were later called Yuefu poems, which became a new poetic style after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South. Folk songs of the Northern Dynasties, Mulan Poetry, Red Music, Looking at the Sea by Cao Cao and Mulberry by Shang Mo are all selected from this episode.

9. Meng Qian Bi Tan is a comprehensive academic monograph of note genre. The works of Shen Kuo, a scientist, writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, are rich in content, involving natural science, humanities, politics, military affairs, law, literature and art, etc. This book is an important document in the ancient history of science and technology in China.

1 1, a collection of classical Chinese short stories from Lonely Studio. Pu Songling's works in Qing Dynasty. Write an illusion and send a message to reality.

12, The Scholars is China's first satirical novel. Written by Wu in Qing Dynasty. It reached the peak of satirical art in China's ancient novels. Fan Jinzhong Residence is an excerpt from the third time in this book.

Works of Modern and Contemporary Writers in China

(A) junior high school students should master the works of modern and contemporary writers.

1, Lu Xun this week Zhou Shuren, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary in modern China.

7. Mao Dun, formerly known as Shen Dehong, is a famous writer in modern times. His masterpieces include the novel Midnight, the short story Lin Jiabao, and the rural trilogy (Spring Silkworm, Autumn Harvest and Dong Can). Praise of Poplar is selected from Miscellanies.

8. Wen Yiduo, a famous poet, scholar, patriotic and democratic fighter, wrote poems such as Red Candle and Still Water. The last speech

9. Zhu Ziqing is a modern essayist, poet, scholar and democracy fighter. Pei County is a native of Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The back is selected from Selected Works of Zhu Ziqing.

10, Lao She's modern famous writer and people's artist. Formerly known as Shu Qingchun, his works include the novel Camel True Son, Four Generations under One Family, the drama Longxugou, Teahouse and so on. 1950, becoming the first writer in China to win the title of "People's Artist". Winter in Jinan is excerpted from the long article Some Impressions, and Under the Hot Rain is excerpted from Camel Xiangzi.

1 1, Bing Xin, a modern female writer, is the first children's writer in China. Formerly known as Xie Wanying, his poems include Stars and Springs, children's works include Send a Little Reader, and the little orange lamp is selected from the prose collection Little orange lamp.

12, a modern poet in Cang Kejia, has a short poem "Some People" selected from Selected Poems of Cang Kejia, which was written to commemorate the 13 anniversary of Lu Xun's death, so its subtitle is "Remembering Lu Xun's feelings".

Third, the works of foreign writers

(A) junior high school students should master the works of foreign writers

1. Esso is an ancient Greek fable writer. Hermes, The Statue Maker and The Mosquito and the Lion are all from Aesop's fables.

2. Danish fairy tale writer Andersen is one of the most outstanding fairy tale writers in the world. Famous works include The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Little Match Girl and so on.

3./kloc-French realist writer in the second half of the 9th century. The Last Lesson enjoys a high reputation for its profound patriotic content and exquisite artistic skills, and has become a masterpiece of short stories in the world.

4. Mo Bosang, a famous French writer. Famous short stories include boule de suif, Necklace and My Uncle Yule, and novels are represented by Life and Beauty. My Uncle Yule is selected from the short story The Road to Suicide.

5. Chekhov was an outstanding Russian critical realist writer, a world-famous short story writer and a famous playwright at the end of 65438+9 century. He is one of the three great masters of short stories in the world (French Mo Bosang and British O Henry). His masterpieces include the short stories The Man in the Trap, The Chameleon and Sorrow. The chameleon is selected from Chekhov's novels.

6. Gorky was originally named Alexei Macsimovici Piskov. The founder of socialist literature in the former Soviet Union, a great proletarian writer and the first great representative of proletarian literature in the world. Among them, there are autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University". The masterpiece is Mother, and Haiyan is the ending part of Fantasia and Zhao Chunzhi, written by the author 190 1 in March, with the original title of Song of Haiyan.

7. ostrovsky's writers of the former Soviet Union. Full name Nikolai ostrovsky. The masterpiece is the novel How Steel was Tempered written by 1933. The Meaning of Life is an excerpt from How Steel was Tempered.

(B) junior high school students should understand the works of foreign writers.

1, O. Henry, American short story writer Police and hymns, Maggie's gift

2. Helen Keller is an American woman writer and educator. Her My Teacher was chosen as the text.