Nye's views and opinions are interesting, but not exclusive. The China People's Political Consultative Conference recently held the "265438+20th Century Forum" to discuss the issue of economic globalization. Schwab, Chairman of the World Economic Forum, Wang Huijiong, Deputy Director of the Academic Committee of the State Council Development Research Center, and Liu Ji, Executive Dean of China Europe International Business School, also made a similar division of globalization. However, it is worth pointing out that globalization at all levels does not appear at the same time. The earliest economic globalization is the basis and forerunner of all kinds of globalization.
global market
It is said that the term "economic globalization" was first put forward by T. Levy in 1985, and there is no accepted definition so far. Many scholars believe that globalization is a historical process. Experts who participated in the "265438+20th Century Forum" disagreed with this view, believing that the fundamental premise of economic globalization is the unification of global markets. With the separation of global markets, economic exchanges between countries and free trade between regions are not equal to economic globalization. Economic globalization has its inherent and essential motivation. They pointed out that economic globalization came into being in 1950s and reached its climax in 1990s, which is inevitable. After the end of the Cold War, the "Oriental Group", which once occupied13 of the world market, was transformed into a market economy system, and a complete global market was born.
International trade has become an important factor in economic development. From the perspective of the world economy as a whole, 1978 accounted for only 9.3% of the world GDP, while 1998 rose to 24.3%, and the role of international trade in pulling the world economy is increasing day by day.
As the main force and carrier of economic globalization, the great development of multinational corporations has accelerated the historical process of economic globalization. According to statistics, the output value of multinational companies accounts for 40% of the world output value, 60% of international trade, 60%-70% of international technology trade and 90% of foreign direct investment. UNCTAD's World Investment Report 1999 points out that transnational corporations have become the core of the global economy and played a leading role in promoting economic globalization and the rapid development of world foreign direct investment. Chen Wenjing, vice president of the Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of China, pointed out that setting up subsidiaries overseas by multinational companies can not only bypass many barriers, quickly grasp local market demand and effectively utilize local resources, but also reduce production and transaction costs and improve economic benefits through internal trade. This has promoted the globalization of production, circulation and consumption and made economic globalization a reality.
The emergence of "new economy" gave birth to economic globalization. With the rapid development of information technology and Internet, the third technical reserve formed by human knowledge is constantly released in the fields of communication, computer and network, which is embodied in digitalization, networking and intelligence. The information revolution and the digital revolution have taken place. Information technology and Internet have connected various countries and institutions. On this brand-new basis, human beings conduct production, trade, scientific research, study, various social activities and cultural exchanges, saving time and cost and greatly improving economic and social benefits. Lars Ramvis, chairman of Sweden Ericsson Group, commented that the Internet and digital communication have completely changed our way of life, made the global village a reality and constituted the main driving force for the development of economic globalization.
Opportunities and challenges
The economic development of some Asian countries and regions has provided successful examples for integration into economic globalization. Chen Jinhua, vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, said, taking 1990- 1996 as an example, the GDP of the "four little dragons" in Asia grew at an average annual rate of more than 7%-9%, while that of most ASEAN countries was 6%-8%. This relatively high growth rate was maintained until the Asian financial crisis occurred in 1997. He believes that this is related to the participation of the "four little dragons" in Asia and ASEAN countries in economic globalization for many years.
China's successful participation in economic globalization was praised by many experts attending the meeting. Singaporean Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew said that since Mr. Deng Xiaoping announced the new economic policy in 1978, China's economy has undergone tremendous changes. When China decided to join the World Trade Organization and reached an agreement with the United States last June165438+1October, it showed the world that it was taking significant steps to integrate China's economy into the global network. Sven Sandstrom, Executive Vice President of the World Bank, said that China has effectively utilized the opportunities brought by economic globalization, stimulated its own development and reduced a large number of poor people. China's experience can be used for reference by other developing countries. Former Australian Prime Minister Fraser said that China had stabilized the financial market and prevented the further spread of the Asian financial turmoil by keeping the RMB from depreciating throughout the Asian financial crisis. He believes that the stability of China's currency is an important factor in Asian economic recovery.
Everything has duality, and economic globalization is no exception. It brings benefits to all countries, but it also has a great impact on them. The financial crisis is closely related to economic globalization. Economic globalization has impacted the industries and domestic markets of developing countries in a "weak position" to varying degrees, greatly increasing the risk of economic fluctuation and financial crisis in a country.
In the process of economic globalization, the gap between the rich and the poor in the world has also become a hot topic of discussion. Tubal, an Egyptian professor of economics, Yusuf Wan Nan Di, a scholar of Indonesian Center for International and Strategic Studies, and Villapon Ramanjun, a former deputy prime minister and finance minister of Thailand, and other China experts and scholars disclosed in their speeches that the per capita GDP gap between developed and developing countries has widened from 43 times in 1983 to more than 60 times at present, and the debt of poor countries exceeds 80% of their gross national product. More than 654.38 billion people in the world earn less than $ 654.38+0 a day, and 2.8 billion people earn less than $2 a day, while the richest 20% of the world's population enjoys more than 85% of the world's products and services. The per capita income gap between rich countries and poor countries is very large, the former is more than 200 times that of the latter. According to the statistics of the United Nations, the number of least developed countries continues to increase, from 36 before 10 to 42 five years ago and now to 48. In developed countries, the gap between the rich and the poor is also widening. Take American household income as an example. The average annual income of the richest (20%) family is $65,438+037,500, while that of the poorest (20%) family is $65,438+03,300. The difference between them is as much as 10 times. Kant Su, former managing director of the International Monetary Fund, recently commented that "poverty is the most serious problem in the world today, and the speed of solving this problem is urgent. The gap between developed and developing countries has become an explosive problem, which fundamentally affects social stability and people's peaceful life. "
Attitudes and countermeasures
It is useless for developing countries to condemn or avoid the trend of globalization. Many experts stressed that developing countries should take active measures to seek development by seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages. The first thing is to do your own thing well. Chen, a researcher at China Academy of Social Sciences, said that it is necessary to strengthen its own development and progress, and constantly enhance its comprehensive strength, including developing education, cultivating talents, improving the level of science and technology, reforming concepts and systems, and actively integrating with the international community. Veerapong Ramanjun, former deputy prime minister and finance minister of Thailand, suggested establishing a new economic and financial order and system to prevent or reduce the impact of world economic and financial instability, and considering establishing a regional monetary fund and reforming the Asian Development Bank at the regional level. More experts suggest that international organizations should give more consideration to the interests of developing countries, and developed countries have the responsibility to help developing countries. Developing countries should also strengthen unity and cooperation, safeguard their own interests, promote the reform of old unequal international rules and systems, and establish a new international economic order.