Historically, Liu Fuling was smart and knowledgeable, tall and strong, so he was deeply loved by Liu Che. The original prince Liu was killed, and the position of the prince has been vacant. Liu Che wanted Liu Fuling to be a prince, so as to avoid the recurrence of Lushi rebellion and facilitate the death of his mother Zhao Jieyu in 88 BC. In the second year, before he died, Liu Che wrote a letter to the Prince and appointed Huo Guang as General Fu.
On March 30th, 87 BC, the day after Liu Che's death, Liu Fuling succeeded to the throne as emperor. In the second year, the title of the country was changed to "Shiyuan" and later changed to "Yuanfeng" and "Yuanping", and they were in office for 13 years.
Liu Fuling was only seven years old when he acceded to the throne, and Huo Guang was in charge of state affairs. However, according to historical records, Liu Fuling was also very talented and familiar with military affairs as a teenager. In 80 BC, Shangguan Jie and Sang Hongyang colluded with Liu Dan, the prince of Yan, to frame assistant minister Huo Guang. As a result, 14-year-old Liu Fuling saw through the plot. Soon, Liu Dan and others planned a coup. With the help of Huo Guang, Liu Fuling killed Sang Hongyang and Shangguan Jie and forced Liu Dan to commit suicide, thus successfully avoiding a coup. According to the history, "Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty was fourteen years old, and he was able to observe Huo Guang's loyalty, know the deception of faith, and killed Sang Hongyang and Shangguan Jie, which was later called Ming". "Your Majesty, both literature and scenery are inferior."
With the help of Huo Guang, Liu Fuling inherited Liu Che's policy of enriching the people at the end of the year, neglecting to share weal and woe with the people at home and having close relations with the Huns abroad. Therefore, in Liu Fuling's world, "the people are rich, and the four foreigners serve". If it is a holiday, Liu Fuling will go far away. Unfortunately, Liu Fuling died in Chang 'an on June 5th, 74 BC (April of the first year of yuanping lunar calendar) at the age of 20, and was buried in Ping Ling (now northwest of Xianyang city, Shaanxi province 13) as a memorial to Emperor Xiao Zhao. Emperor Zhao had no children, and later he took Liu He as his heir.
Chronology of Liu Fuling
In 94 BC, Liu Fuling was born in June+April, 65438, and was named "Gou Yizi" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
In 87 BC, Liu Fuling ascended the throne.
In 8 1 year BC, Huo Guang presided over the "Salt and Iron Conference".
In 80 BC, Shangguan Jie, Sang Hongyang, Dan and others staged a palace coup, which ended in failure.
In 77 BC, Liu Fuling 18 years old came to power.
In 74 BC, Liu Fuling died of a sudden illness.
[Edit this paragraph] year number
86 BC to 80 BC
Yuanfeng 80 BC-74 BC
Yuanping from 74 BC to 74 BC.
[Edit this paragraph] Be a prince.
Liu Fuling is the youngest son of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and his mother is Mrs. Zhao Jieyu. Because the "vicious prince" Herry Liu, Liu Fuling's younger brother, died because of the "curse of witchcraft", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was made a prince in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, in 87 BC, when he was eight years old.
ascend the throne
In the same year, Liu Che died and Liu Yuxin acceded to the throne at the age of eight. Before he died, Emperor Wudi was afraid that "the emperor should be young and the mother should be strong", that is, he was worried that Zhao Jieyu, the mother of the Prince, would miss the country, so he put her to death. According to the testamentary edict, the little emperor was assisted by Huo Guang and Jin Ridi. In the second year of the throne (the first 86 years), the yuan was changed.
Auxiliary ministers fight for power
Since Huo Guang's assistant administration, fierce political struggle was the first thing he encountered. It was Shangguan Jie, who was assisted by Huo Guang at the same time, and Liu Dan, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who made this struggle tend to be heated up. In order to seek the supreme power of the Han Dynasty, Shangguan Jie attached himself to Emperor Zhao's sister princess royal. First of all, he fawned on the princess's closest relatives, tried his best to seek official promotion for outsiders, won the princess's favor, and formed close friends with outsiders and the princess. Then he sent his young granddaughter to the palace through the princess and named it as a mother of honor, with the intention of replacing Huo Guang and Zhao Di with the princess and granddaughter. Liu Dan, the prince of Yan, was dissatisfied because he was longer than Emperor Zhao. Sang Hongyang, another assistant minister and ancient scholar, thought that the monopoly policy of salt and iron was formulated during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which made the country rich and strong. He was unwilling to live under Huo Guang, so he had the desire to overthrow the current regime, so he took charge with Shangguan Jie and colluded with Liu Dan, the prince of Yan. This formed two political forces headed by princess royal and Liu Dan, the prince of Yan. They estimated that it was not enough to overthrow Emperor Zhao Han on their own, so they had to unite temporarily. According to Shangguan Jie's plan, we should first use Dina Liu as the prince to launch a coup. After the coup, we should remove Taizi Dan and let him take charge of state affairs. This temporarily united political group naturally pointed its finger at Huo Guang and prevented them from seizing power.
Shangguan Jie, Yan Wangdan and others stepped up preparations for the coup in the sixth year of Emperor Zhao (the first 80 years). Liu Dan, the prince of Yan, bet on Shangguan Jie, sent more than ten people before and after, brought a lot of gold, silver and jewels, and bribed princess royal, Shangguan Jie, Sang Hongyang and others to support him to seize the throne. They used the old trick of "Jun Qing side", which made people write a letter to Zhao Di in the name of Yan Wangdan, fabricating that Huo Guang was reviewing military equipment in Kyoto and the roads near Kyoto were under martial law; Huo Guang called Su Wu, who had been detained by Huns for 19 years, back to Jingdu. As a typical country, he planned to borrow the Xiongnu army. Huo Guang mobilized troops without authorization. All this is to overthrow Emperor Zhao and become emperor on his own. He also claimed that Liu Dan, the prince of Yan, wanted to stay in North Korea in order to prevent treacherous court officials from making trouble. Shangguan Jie tried to wait until Huo Guang went out on vacation to give this letter to Zhao Di, and then he announced Huo Guang's "indictment" according to the contents of the letter. Sang Hongyang organized courtiers to coerce Huo Guang to abdicate, thus abolishing Zhao Di.
They didn't expect Liu Dan's letter from the prince to reach Zhao Han, but it was detained there and ignored. Early the next morning, Huo Guang went to court, and after learning of Shangguan Jie's move, he stood in the studio where the Duke of Zhou was not a king, refused to appear before the court, and demanded to show his attitude. When Zhao Han saw that there was no Huo Guang in the imperial court, he asked the courtiers. Shangguan Jie took the opportunity to reply: "Because the prince denounced his crimes, he dared not come to the court." Emperor Zhao was very calm. He immediately called Huo Guang to the DPRK and said decisively: "I know that the letter is slanderous and you are not guilty"; "If you want to mobilize troops, in less than ten days, Prince Liu Dan is far away, how can you know!" "Besides, if you really want to overthrow me, you don't have to work so hard!" The conspiracy of Shangguan Jie and others was exposed by Emperor Zhao Di, who was 14 years old. All the ministers in the DPRK marveled that Emperor Zhao Di was so clever and decisive that Huo Guang's auxiliary position was stabilized.
After the conspiracy of Shangguan Jie and others was exposed, they simply went into battle shirtless and prepared to launch an armed coup. They planned that princess royal would hold a banquet for Huo Guang, and ordered the ambush soldiers to kill Huo Guang and abolish the emperor Zhao Han. At this critical juncture, an official in charge of rice field tax under princess royal reported the conspiracy of Shangguan Jie and others to Yang Chang, Sima Qian's husband. Yang Chang told the admonition officer Du Yannian, so Emperor Zhao and Huo Guang mastered the armed coup plan of Shangguan Jie and others. Before the coup, they took the initiative to arrest all the ministers responsible for the coup, such as Shangguan Jie and Sang Hongyang, and destroyed their homes. Princess royal and Liu Dan, the prince of Yan, knew that they could not be pardoned and committed suicide successively. The coup launched by Shangguan Ji was finally shattered by Huo Guang. The nine-year-old Shangguan Queen was not deposed because she was young and Huo Guang's granddaughter.
Huo Guang's struggle with Shangguan Jie, Yan Wangdan and others is essentially a struggle between feudal bureaucratic groups and imperial clan for dominance. It is a total outbreak of power struggle within the imperial clan and long-term conflicts between bureaucratic groups. Although Huo Guang and others went in and out of the palace for a long time during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, they were still unknown officials in the imperial court. They didn't have much power, much less wealth, and they represented the interests of small landlords in society at that time. To a certain extent, they are also suppressed by big landlords and businessmen. Therefore, they have to have a sharp conflict with those who represent the interests of big landlords and businessmen. Judging from the results of the struggle between the two sides, the collapse of Shangguan Jie and Yan Wangdan's coup also dealt a heavy blow to the overall interests of big landlords and businessmen in the later period of Hanzhong, thus helping to curb the development of decadent forces and promote social progress.
[Edit this paragraph] Discussion on salt and iron
During the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, the central government triggered a national policy debate over the problem of salt and iron official camp. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu, Liu Che made use of Sang Hongyang and others to formulate and implement a series of new economic policies, such as unified monetary system, official management of salt, iron and wine, and even liquidation of losses. Although this enriched the finance of feudal countries, it laid an economic foundation for the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, with the development of agricultural production, the phenomenon of land annexation has become increasingly acute, and the burden on farmers has become heavier and heavier. The disadvantages of government-run policies such as salt and iron, such as bitter iron, unfair price, officials in charge abolishing public law for personal gain, forcing farmers to smelt iron and cook salt, etc. , but also directly hurt farmers, exacerbated the contradiction between farmers and feudal countries, leading to increasingly frequent peasant resistance. Moreover, the wealth accumulated by relying on policies such as salt and iron official camp cannot maintain the long-term consumption of the war. Therefore, in the later years of Emperor Wu, it was already "abolished in the sea, and the household registration was halved". On the other hand, after years of blows in the Han Dynasty, the strength of Xiongnu was greatly weakened, and the border sufferings were alleviated. These objective conditions prompted great changes in the policies of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in his later years. Liang Wudi pointed out in the imperial edict of Zheng He's fourth year (the first 89 years) that from now on, it is necessary to prohibit cruelty and killing, not be good at paying tribute, and concentrate on farming. Thus, to some extent, the policy of "sharing interest with the people" in the early Han Dynasty was restored.
The policy changes of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty are necessary to stabilize the rule of the Han Dynasty, but opinions within the ruling group are not consistent. After the death of Emperor Wu, Emperor Zhao, who succeeded to the throne, was young and the power was in the hands of Huo Guang. In February of the sixth year of Zhao (8 1 ago), in order to ensure the implementation of the policy of "sharing interest with the people", the Prime Minister Tian and the Imperial Adviser Sang Hongyang were ordered to call the county to introduce scholars and ask about the sufferings of the people. Hao Wen and Sang Hongyang disagreed, and they debated the internal and external policies of the Han Dynasty. This is the famous discussion of salt and iron.
At the salt and iron conference, the main contents of the debate between the two sides are as follows: ① the reasons why people suffer. "Xiande Literature" holds that the root of people's suffering lies in the state's management of economic undertakings such as salt and iron, and puts forward the idea of abolishing salt and iron, monopolizing alcohol and damaging officials. Sang Hongyang opposed this idea, thinking that the development of salt and iron, the establishment of liquor monopoly, the loss of all buyers, and the expansion of financial resources are the sources of funds to fight against Xiongnu and eliminate border troubles. Moreover, these policies are easy to block the road of power merger and are beneficial to farmers. Therefore, he insisted on promoting salt and iron official camp and other undertakings. ② Policy towards Xiongnu. Virtuous literature advocates the suppression of soldiers and the withdrawal of scholars, and tries to maintain the situation of combining morality with morality. Sang Hongyang believes that Huns are treacherous and cannot be convinced by virtue. Only through war can we stop the invasion of Huns and ensure the security of the Han Dynasty. He emphasized that the war of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty against the Huns was "a matter of the present, which is beneficial to the future". (3) Theoretical thinking on policy and governance. Good literature believes in the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness, advocates the rule of virtue, and believes that benevolent governance can be invincible in the world. They repeatedly quoted historical lessons, criticized heavy punishment and heavy law, pointed out that heavy punishment and heavy law were the way to national subjugation, and regarded heavy punishment and heavy law as the reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Sang Hongyang took legalism as the guiding ideology, opposed the rule of virtue and advocated the rule of law. It is believed that order is to educate people and law is to supervise evil. When the law is severely punished, the people are cautious, and the evil will naturally stop. His economic policies and methods of governing the country are all related to the legalist thought. In addition, the debate at this meeting also involves the basic agricultural policy, the estimation of social status, the understanding of ethical concepts, and how to treat the relationship between ancient and modern times. Huan Kuan's On Salt and Iron in the Western Han Dynasty recorded the discussion of salt and iron in detail.
Virtuous literature is an intellectual from the landlord class at the lower level of society, who knows the social reality better. Their argument with Sang Hongyang, with the support of Huo Guang, reflects the different understanding of the economic and political situation and the different policy of governing the country in the later years of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. After this debate, although the law of salt and iron official camp and average loss was not abolished, Sang Hongyang suffered some political setbacks and virtuous literature was active for some time. According to Xianwen's opinion, the liquor monopoly was stopped. The policy of "sharing interest with the people" was further affirmed, which had a positive impact on the recovery and development of social economy in Zhao and Zhao Dynasties.
short life
In the first year of Yuanping, that is, in 74 BC, Zhao Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was only 2 1 year old, died in Weiyang Palace in the spring of April. Only 13 years in power.
[Edit this paragraph] posthumous title Mausoleum
He called it "Xiao Zhao" and was buried in "Ping Ling".
[Edit this paragraph] The Queen's Concubine
Queen Shangguan Shi, granddaughter of Shangguan Jie, daughter of Shangguan 'an. Mother Huo is Huo Guang's daughter.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical achievements
During the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu pursued the policy of "rest for the people" in his later years. The people are rich, and foreigners from all over the world all submit to the Han Dynasty and bow to their knees. It laid the foundation for "Zhao Xuan's history sage" and ushered in the prosperous period of Han Dynasty.
The successful convening of the Salt and Iron Conference raised the people's livelihood in the Han Dynasty to another height.
[Edit this paragraph] posterity evaluation
Bangu
Yesterday, Zhou Cheng inherited this system with a willing son, but the rumors of Guan and Cai have changed. When I was young, I acceded to the throne, and there were also rebellion schemes such as Yan, Mi and Shangguan. A king did not doubt the Duke of Zhou, Xiao Zhao appointed Huo Guang, and each of them became famous at that time. What a wonderful thing! Cheng Xiaowu wasted his time at home after his extravagant spare time in our division and brigade, and his registered permanent residence was halved. He only knew the importance of the moment, ignored taxes and shared interest with the people. Between Ishihara and Yuanfeng, the Huns are close and the people are rich. Talk about salt and iron, and call it "Zhao".
-"History of Emperor Hanzhao"
[Edit this paragraph] About the Mausoleum
Because Emperor Zhao suddenly fell ill and died, the officials in charge of building the mausoleum were very embarrassed, because his mausoleum had not been built seriously, so they quickly rented 30 thousand ox carts to pull sand from Weihe Beach to build an underground mausoleum. Rush home, Zhao Di Ping Ling's funerary objects are still very rich. At that time, Huo Guang presided over the funeral of Emperor Zhao, and there were all kinds of gold, silver, pearls and jade articles in the tomb.
Pingling is in the east of Maoling 12, and the mound is 29 meters high. Ping Ling cemetery is square, the wall is 380 meters long, and there is a gate in the middle of all sides, opposite to the mausoleum. At present, there are still two gates in the east and south, which are strip-shaped and rammed with soil, and the rammed layer is 6 to 8 cm thick. There is a large building site in the northwest corner of the cemetery, with a large number of bricks and tiles left over from the Han Dynasty, a square sandstone column base and a brick octagonal well, which is estimated to be the room of the cemetery guards.
Emperor Zhao Di's tomb is located in the middle of the cemetery, shaped like a barrel, and the top of the tomb is indented to form two sets. The base of the mausoleum is square, and the bottom is 46.8 meters long. 665 meters to the southeast is the tomb of Emperor Zhao Shangguan. Queen Shangguan was the granddaughter of Huo Guang (87-37 BC). Although she is an expensive queen, she is actually unfortunate. She entered the palace as a queen at the age of 6 and died at the age of 15. From then on, she died alone, at the age of 52, and was buried in Ping Ling. Perhaps because of Huo Guang's high position, her cemetery is bigger than that of Emperor Zhao Di, with a side length of 420 meters (the side length of Emperor Zhao Di's cemetery is 370 meters), and the distance between the four gates of the cemetery and the mound is 1.25 meters, with a height of 26.2 meters.
In the middle of the tombs of Emperor Zhao and Queen Shangguan, there is a 5-meter-wide road connecting the two tombs. Archaeologists found groups of jade articles arranged in the east-west direction on both sides of the road, each group is about 2 meters apart, and they are all composed of jade walls and jade laurels. There is a jade wall in the middle of each group, with seven or eight jade guis evenly distributed around it, and the tips of the jade guis are facing the jade wall in the center. These jade articles must have been used as funerary objects at that time.
Ping Ling's coffin is located in the northeast of the cemetery, near Lidu Village and Pangcun Village. "History of Emperor Xuandi in Han Dynasty" contains: In the first month of the first year (73 BC), more than one million people in the county raised money to move to Pingling, and in the second year, "the remaining money was Pingling, and immigrants began to live". Today, the remains of bone-making and pottery-making workshops and some architectural sites have been found in the supernatural site, and more aggregates with burning saw traces have been unearthed, as well as tiles, tiles, residual pottery, bronze dings, shovels, carved corners, forced earth and so on. There are many fragments of China tiles in the ruins, which can be picked up with a bow. It can be inferred that there must be many supernatural buildings and they are quite prosperous.
The southeast of Ping Ling is the site of Emperor Han Zhaodi's temple tour. The temple was built on a 3-meter-high rammed earth platform. On this platform, there are still bricks and tiles of the Han Dynasty, checkered bricks, phoenix hollow bricks and "eternal life infinite" tiles. On the east side of Pingling, there is a tomb buried with him. Today, 1 1 block is well preserved, and 12 block is poorly preserved. According to documents, Ping Ling was buried with Xiahou Sheng, Zhu Jun, Dou Ying and yu zhang. , but the exact name is difficult to verify.