Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, hereinafter referred to as Sao Tome and Principe. Libya's predecessor was the Great Democratic Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, but it has stopped using it. Sao Tome and Principe is located in the southeast of the Gulf of Guinea in central and western Africa, 20 1 km east of the African continent, and consists of 14 islands including Sao Tome and Principe. The two islands, Shengpu and Pupu, are volcanic islands with rugged terrain and a tropical rainforest climate, which is hot and humid all year round.

Before the 1970s, Sao Tome was uninhabited. 1470, the Portuguese Sea was in P&; Middot Escobar led his troops to invade Sao Tome Island and named it Sao Tome Island after Jesus' disciple 12. 147 1 year, Portugal occupied another island in the northeast of the island, named principe island, which means Prince Island.

During the slave trade, Sao Tome and Principe became a stopover for ships traveling between Europe, Africa and America and a transit point for selling slaves. At the same time, Portuguese colonists also plundered a large number of slaves from Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde Islands, forcing them to do heavy work in sugar cane plantations on the islands. Under the cruel abuse of the colonists, a large number of slaves died, and the two islands were once called "the island of death".

The people of Sao Tome and Principe are very hospitable, and they will warmly receive visiting guests, whether in urban or rural areas. When traveling in this country, enthusiastic hosts always prepare fruit banquets with local ethnic flavor for their guests. Sao Tome and Principe is known as the country of etiquette, and they have received a series of strict education in religion, etiquette and language since childhood. On international diplomatic occasions, they shake hands and use internationally accepted titles. Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea, the full name of the independent country of Papua New Guinea, is an island country in the western South Pacific, the second largest country in Oceania, a member of the Commonwealth, and also an island country in the southwest Pacific, mainly covering the eastern half of New Guinea, the nearby Bismarck Islands and bougainville island, with a total of more than 600 islands. The country name consists of Papua and New Guinea and is named after the island. The country borders Papua province in Indonesia to the west, and faces Australia and Solomon Islands to the south and east respectively.

Papua New Guinea is one of the least developed countries in the world. The economy is dominated by agriculture, accounting for 32% of Papua New Guinea's economy. The main export products are mineral and agricultural coffee, cocoa, dried coconut, palm oil, rubber, wood and seafood. By the end of 20 13, Papua New Guinea had a total population of 7.05 million, making it the second largest population country in Oceania, next only to Australia. The birth rate is 30.52% and the death rate is 7.5%. Because of the mountainous and rugged terrain, domestic land transportation is very inconvenient and the sea is also very inconvenient. Port moresby, the capital, has opened expressways to most cities in China.

1545 &; When middot Dretus arrived in the northern part of the island, he saw the black people along the Sefa Bay, a local resident, and thought that the natural scenery and climate of the two places were similar, so he named them New Guinea. Since then, it has been called Papua New Guinea.

Ya Bu people in New Guinea are proud of birds of paradise. They think that the bird of paradise is a god bird from heaven, also known as the bird of paradise. Since more than 500 years ago, women in western Europe have used their feathers to make hats. Because of its bright feathers and gorgeous posture, people also call it "Bird of Paradise", "Sunbird" and "Goddess Bird", and it is a world-famous ornamental bird.

People in Papua New Guinea regard quarreling between husband and wife as the best form of entertainment. The louder the quarrel, the more loving the husband and wife. There are places where couples quarrel all over the country. Whenever couples come here to fight, the appreciators will automatically come to entertain. If they quarrel a few words, they will be flushed. People think that the fiercer the quarrel, the better the entertainment effect. Whoever can put the other person in a dilemma with the most sharp and vicious language is regarded as the highest level of quarrel.

Neither side will stop until the lips become stiff. The couple will eventually go home happily arm in arm, and the entertainment will end at the same time.

Federation of St Kitts and Nevis

Or St. Christopher and Nevis, Saint Kitts and Nevis is located in the northern part of leeward islands in the eastern Caribbean. It is a federal island country composed of St. Christopher and Nevis. It became independent on September 2009 1983, and is now a member of the Commonwealth, covering an area of 267 square kilometers.

The population is about 46,000, with 94% black, white and mixed-race. Residents are convinced of this. English official language and lingua franca. Currency Eastern Caribbean dollar.

Bastel, the capital, is located on the larger island of Saint Kitts, and the smaller island of Nevis is 3 kilometers southeast of the island, separated by a strait called "Narrow Graben". The two main islands in the country are volcanic islands, and the central part of the island is densely forested. Since then, several rivers have flowed to the sea, and no one is there. Most residents live in coastal areas.

Saint Kitts and Nevis is located in the northern part of leeward islands in the eastern Caribbean, and consists of Saint Kitts, Nevis and St. Brero. It covers an area of 267 square kilometers, including Shengji 174 square kilometers and Nevis Island 93 square kilometers. Saint Kitts and Nevis ranks tenth among the top ten countries.

Shengmeibi

Sao Tome and Principe, the full name of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, is an island country located in the southeast of the Gulf of Guinea in central and western Africa, 20 1 km east of the African continent, and consists of 14 islands including Sao Tome and Principe. The two islands, Shengpu and Pupu, are volcanic islands with rugged terrain and a tropical rainforest climate, which is hot and humid all year round. Imperial College London, Sao Tome has a total area of100/km2 and a total population of193,000 (20 16 65438+ 10).

About 90% of the population of Sao Tome and Principe live in Sao Tome Island, mainly Bantu people, and the rest are mixed-race people who speak Mandarin. Sao Tome and Principe is a Portuguese colony. In 1960, the Portuguese Independence Council broke out, in 1974, and in 1975, a democratic republic was established.

San Plimbi, one of the most developed countries in the world announced by the United Nations, is an agricultural country, which mainly grows cash crops such as cocoa. After independence, the state-owned economy has been the main economic policy for a long time. 1985 began to implement economic liberalization, and 1987 began to implement the economic restructuring plan. In 20 14, Sao Tome's GDP reached 369 million US dollars.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Located in the southern part of windward islands in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean, between Saint Lucia and Grenada. The residents are mainly black and mulatto.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, also known as the United Kingdom, is the British Isles in the northwest of the European continent, surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, celtic sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Britain is a western European island country consisting of England, Wales and Scotland on the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland in the northeast of Ireland and a series of affiliated islands. In addition to the mainland, it also has 14 overseas territories, with a total population of over 64 million and English people.

(Anglo-Saxon) is the main ethnic group.

1688 light revolution established British constitutional monarchy, and Britain was the first industrialized country in the world. It first completed the industrial revolution and its national strength grew rapidly. From18th century to the beginning of 20th century, the territory ruled by Britain spanned seven continents, and it was the most powerful country in the world at that time, so it was called the empire that never fell. Both world wars have won, but the national strength has been seriously damaged. In the British Empire in the first half of the 20th century, the hegemony of the capitalist world was replaced by the United States. However, Britain is still a big country with great influence in the world.

Britain is a highly developed capitalist country. One of the four largest economies in Europe, its citizens have a good social security system. As the head of the Commonwealth, a member of the G8 and a founding member of NATO, Britain is also one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.

Britain is the first industrialized country in the world. It has many scientific discoveries and inventions, such as steam engine, penicillin, deoxyribonucleic acid, Dolly sheep and jet engine. London's financial market attracts many companies from all over the world to take advantage of British business opportunities. In the past 200 years, various schools and universities in Britain have developed with the world-famous technological, industrial and financial revolution in the country. But its world-class education has a longer history, which can be traced back to the establishment of Oxford University (1 185) and Jianshe University (1209) in the 2nd century.

Moldavia Republic on the left bank of Transnistria

Transnistrian Republic, also known as Transnistrian Republic, Transnistrian Republic, or Transnistrian Republic, is a specific region in Eastern Europe. Because this area is located on the east bank of Transnistria River in Moldova, it has the title of "East Bank of Transnistria River".

It is generally recognized internationally that this region is a part of Moldova (belonging to the Moldavia Soviet Socialist Republic of the former Soviet Union). However, the Transnistrian region has actually become independent, and in 1990, the "Republic of Moldavia on the Transnistrian River" was established, with tiraspol as its capital. In 2009, the national flag was changed to that of the former Soviet Union. People in this area mainly speak Russian and Romanian. Together with Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno Karabakh, it is called the four enclaves of the former Soviet Union. These four regions are independent political entities that are not universally recognized by all countries, and the four regions recognize their national sovereignty.

Bosnia Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina, referred to as Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a country in the Balkans. It is located in the central part of the former Yugoslavia, bordering Seville in the east, Montenegro in the southeast and Croatia in the west and north. The total land area is 565,438+065,438+029 square kilometers, and the capital is Sarajevo.

1945, the people of all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia won the anti-fascist war and established the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1963 was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), and Bosnia and Herzegovina became a member of it.

Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the poorer areas in the Federation when it was in Yugoslavia. After independence, there was a civil war (Bosnia-Herzegovina War) and the economy was severely damaged. By the end of 20 16, the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is gradually recovering, and it also needs to transform from a planned economy to a market economy. Administratively, the country is divided into three entities: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as Muslim Federation), Republika Srpska and Brcko District.

Bosnia and Herzegovina itself is only the name of two geographical regions in history. As of 20 14, there are still no political entities directly represented by these two geographical regions in the country, but only political entities represented by ethnic names used by Bosnians, Croats (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Serbs (Republic of Serbia in Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Basic differences between countries

The difference between the motherland and the country

The former is the concept of region, culture, history, religion, and sometimes nationality and race, full of emotion, and the state is the governing body.

The difference between state and government

In the relationship between state and government, sometimes the concepts of state and government are indistinguishable. When the division of labor is very clear, the state is greater than the government, especially the state is synonymous with the sovereign, and the government is only the public servant of the state, the executor of power and the entrusted person. But in the international arena, the concept of state is much broader than domestic politics. At this time, the state is the subject of international law and the representative of the whole society within the state. The representatives of all the people in this country are very close to the motherland in domestic politics. The state is the irreconcilable product of class contradictions.

The origin of China's name:

The word "China" first appeared in the bronze inscription "He Zun" unearthed in Baoji, China. "It was only when the King of Wu conquered the merchants in Dayi that the court said to heaven: Yu's residence is China, and he is a private citizen."

Secondly, there are earlier records in the Book of Songs. Such as "Elegance for the Elderly": "Hui China, Sui Sifang." However, the China in The Book of Songs is actually a country, not a real country. The word "China", referring to the country, has been very common in the books of the warring States philosophers.

In ancient China, the country was sometimes unified and sometimes divided. The word China had different meanings in different times. Generally, the period of unification refers to the whole country, and the period of division refers to the Central Plains. With the change of the emperor's ruling territory, the scope of the word China is also different. During the period of Western Zhou Wuwang, "China" meant "a country with a central government". According to legend, 3000 years ago, Duke Zhou measured the sun shadow in Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan Province) and found that there was no sun shadow in the surrounding scenery at noon from the summer solstice, thinking it was the center of the earth, so he called the Zhou Dynasty China.