A hundred schools of thought contend is the general name of various academic schools during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty prompted people to think more about the rise and fall of the world, which broke the concept of "no discussion in Shu Ren" and replaced it with an active atmosphere of "discussion in Chu Shi". In the extensive discussion of people, events and society, people no longer believe in heaven, thus forming various schools of thought on how to unify the world, govern the country and educate the people. The founders and representatives of these schools are collectively called "philosophers", and "hundred schools" refers to these schools. The most influential are Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism. People in various schools lobby around for some social problems, promote their own political opinions or write books. People's thoughts are unprecedentedly active, which has formed unprecedented prosperity in China's cultural history. The academic views of a hundred schools of thought contend are reflected in their literary works, forming different academic and literary schools. Most of hundred schools of thought's essays are clear-cut, sharp-tongued, full of emotion, flexible and diverse in expression, and strong in appeal. Therefore, hundreds of essays not only have important academic value, but also have important literary value. 1. Confucianism: Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius Mencius Xunzi Confucianism was one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the method, advocated "rites and music" and "benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education. Second, Taoism: representatives: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School. Third, Mohism: Representative: Mozi. Works: Mozi Mohism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and its founder is Mo Zhai. The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life" and emphasizes self-reliance. Legalists: representatives: Han Fei, Li Si. Works: Han Feizi was one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists. 5. Famous artists: representatives: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Huan Tuan. Works: Master Gongsun Zilong was one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and he was called a master by later generations because he was engaged in academic activities focusing on debating names (names, views) and facts (facts, facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong. Six, Yin and Yang Family: Representative: Zou Yin and Yang Family is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, named after advocating the theory of Yin and Yang and five elements, and explaining social personnel by this. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period. Seven. Strategist: Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Founder: Guiguzi. China, a strategist whose main speech was circulated in The Warring States Policy, was an adviser who lobbied governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities with the strategy of uniting Lian Heng during the Warring States Period. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung. Eight. Miscellaneous Notes: Representative: Miscellaneous Notes of Lv Buwei is a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States Period. It is named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "hundred schools of thought's way is consistent" (Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and Yan's Notes). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by the gathering guests in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book. Nine, farmhouse music: farmhouse music is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. This was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. On Mencius Teng Wengong, Xu Xing was recorded as a man, "for the words of Shennong", and it was put forward that sages should "plow with the people and eat, and eat for the people", which showed the social and political ideals of farmers. This evening also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Man and Land, Border Land and Current Affairs, are considered to be important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period. 10. Novelist: a novelist, one of the pre-Qin modernism 10 people, collects folk stories and investigates people's feelings and customs. "Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi" said: "Novelists are all officials. Street talk, hearsay is also made. " Eleven, strategist. Military strategists advocate the use of force to achieve the goal of reunifying the country through war. The founder is Sun Wu, who is divided into four categories: military tactician, military strategist, military yin and yang strategist and military strategist. The main representatives of military strategists are Sun Wu and Sima Yi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, there were Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji and Leitian. There were Sean and Han Xin in the early Han Dynasty. The current military strategists' works include Yin Fujing of the Yellow Emperor, Six Towers and Three Views, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods, Wei Liaozi, Jiang Yuan, Wonders from Hundreds of Battles, Questions between Emperor Taizong and Li Weiguo, etc. Although there are similarities and differences among various theories, they all contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of military strategists had great influence on that time and later generations, and they were the precious military ideological heritage of China in ancient times. Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty: "Jia Sheng is young and familiar with the books of a hundred schools. Wendi called him a doctor. "