1. Comenius' educational thought-(1) The purpose of education: education should make people know everything in the world, so as to enjoy the happiness of this world and prepare for eternal life, that is, the combination of religion and reality is a reflection of his democratic thought (2) the role of education: ① education is a means to transform society and build a country; ② Attach great importance to the role of education in people. The key to training these talents lies in education. (3) On the principle that education adapts to nature, which is the guiding principle of his education system, including two meanings. (1) Education must follow the universal laws of nature. (2) Education must adapt to children's inner characteristics. (4) With regard to universal education and unified academic system, the idea of "universal wisdom" (that is, to let everyone get "encyclopedic education") is another guiding principle of Comenius' educational system, which is also the basis of his educational theory. Advocate the popularization of educational objects and the unified national academic system, and divide education into four stages: ① mother-child school (1-6 years old); ② Mandarin school (6- 12 years old); ③ Latin school (12- 18 years old); ④ University (18-24 years old) (5. A school year is divided into four school seasons, and the school work of the four holidays should be arranged on an annual, monthly, daily and timely basis. At the end of the school year, the exam will be upgraded at the same time. Class teaching system is to divide children of different ages and knowledge levels into different grades and teach in groups. Comenius believes that the advantage of class teaching system is that it expands the object of education and is conducive to universal education. Teachers face a large number of students, their interest in work is greatly increased, and their enthusiasm for work is high, which can promote students' enthusiasm for learning. As for students, large groups of partners can encourage and help each other. (6) On teaching principles: ① Intuition principle, ② Self-awareness, ③ Consolidation principle, ④ According to the principle that education adapts to nature, he was the first person in the history of education to put forward the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude) ⑤ Systematic gradual principle (7) On moral education: ① Attach importance to moral education and think that moral education is more important than intellectual education; (2) separating the cultivation of secular morality from religion; ③ Take wisdom, courage, temperance and justice as the content of moral education, and also integrate a brand-new concept into moral education, that is, labor education; (4) the method of moral education, boasting that people put forward the habit of starting positive education as soon as possible, cultivating moral behavior, example teaching and rules, and choosing friends from actions. (8) Educational management thought: he advocated that education should be managed by the state rather than the church, and was the first person in history to propose that the state should set up inspectors. (9) Evaluation of boast: On Great Teaching is the first independent educational work in modern western history. Parenting Classic is the first preschool education book in western history. Comenius elaborated the rules that should be followed in the teaching process with the principle of natural adaptability. On the basis of summarizing predecessors, he was the first to put forward a relatively complete teaching principle, which made great contributions to teaching reform and established achievements in the history of world education. However, his thought is still the product of the combination of scholasticism and mechanical materialism, with the color of religious mysticism.

2. Rousseau's educational thought-"Copernicus in the history of education". The three milestones of western educational thought are Plato's Republic, Rousseau's Emile and Dewey's Democracy and Education (1). The core of natural education is "returning to nature", and the education received is divided into natural education, human education and material education. Education to promote children's physical and mental natural development ("negative education") (2) The training goal of nature education: to cultivate "natural people", that is, a new generation of people who are completely free to grow up, physically and mentally harmonious, self-reliant, free from traditional constraints and able to adapt to social life (3) The methods and principles of nature education: ① Treat children correctly; (2) give them full freedom (follow the education of nature). Adults don't interfere, indoctrinate, or suppress, and let children follow the natural development) 3 Natural Consequence Law (4) Education stage of natural education: Education should conform to the age characteristics of children's development, and education in different periods is different according to the age stage. (1) in infancy (0-2 years old), physical exercise is the main thing, and physical maintenance is the main thing. ② Childhood (2- 12 years old). Oppose children to study in this period ③ In adolescence (12- 15 years old), it is mainly for intellectual education and labor education ④ In adolescence (15- 18 years old), it is mainly for moral education (5) On civic education: it advocates the establishment of a national education system to train good citizens (6 Criticizing the absurdity of popular educational ideas and measures at that time, advocating natural education and children-oriented educational ideas, but over-affecting children's nature, over-emphasizing children's natural growth in activities, ignoring the influence of society and the role of traditional education in human culture, overestimating children's direct experience and ignoring the book knowledge of learning system.

3. Pestalozzi's educational thought-(1) educational practice: 1768, establishing an experimental farm in Xinzhuang near Zurich, 1774, establishing an orphanage in Xinzhuang. The next year, he wrote the book How Godud Educates Children. 1805, he moved the school to Everton, and established Everton School, making it a holy place of education in Europe. (2) On the purpose of education: to cultivate "perfect people", the purpose of education is to make all talents and strengths of people develop harmoniously. Pei endowed moral education, intellectual education, physical education and labor education with great significance. (3) On educational psychology: the first educator who clearly put forward the slogan of "educational psychology", the specific requirements of educational psychology are ① to base the purpose of education and the theoretical guidance of education on the natural law of children's natural development; ② Make the selection of teaching content and the compilation of learning psychological laws suitable for children. That is, teaching content psychology, teaching principle and teaching method psychology, mobilizing children's initiative and self-education, and factor education theory: according to Pei's point of view, everything is composed of the most basic elements, and children can learn well if they master these elements. Education should also start with the most basic and simple elements, from easy to difficult, step by step, suitable for children to accept. The most basic elements of intellectual education are number, shape and language, and the subjects to cultivate these three abilities are arithmetic, geometry and Chinese. The most basic element of sports is joint activities. The most basic element of moral education is love for mother. (5) Establishing teaching methods of primary school subjects: Pestalozzi started from the perspective of factor education. This paper analyzes the teaching methods of various subjects in primary schools. (6) Combination of education and productive labor: Pei was not the first person to put forward the idea of combining education and productive labor, but he was the first educator in the history of western education to put this idea into practice, and promoted and developed this idea in his own practical activities. ① The period of Xinzhuang's "Home for Poor Children" (the initial experiment was just a simple and mechanical external combination, and there was no internal connection between teaching and labor) ② The period of Stenz Orphanage (mainly arranging study, supplemented by taking part in manual labor, but emphasizing the connection and combination of the two) I firmly believe that the combination of education and productive labor is of great educational significance to cultivating people, and I think it is an educational method based on educational psychology) (7) Evaluation of Pei: ① According to essentialism. The combination of education and productive labor, known as "the founder of the subject teaching method in primary schools", reflects the new requirements for the relationship between education and productive labor in the era of capitalist production and handicraft industry, and to some extent sees the important significance of the combination of education and productive labor for the harmonious development of people and social transformation. However, due to the nature of the times, the internal relationship between the combination of education and productive labor cannot be found.

4. Herbart's educational thoughts-His book General Pedagogy marks the birth of science pedagogy and the educational practice of pedagogy as an independent discipline (1). During my stay in Switzerland, I met Pestalozzi, a Swiss educator, and visited his school in burgdorf. I was influenced by his educational thoughts, especially his viewpoint of "psychological education". He went to the University of Konigsberg and became a professor of philosophy and education after Kant. 18 10 set up education college, teachers college and affiliated experimental school. (2) The theoretical basis of educational thought: ethics (five moral concepts, namely, inherent freedom, perfection, kindness, justice and fairness) and psychology (the first person in western history to study psychology as an independent discipline, mainly studying apperception and interest. Rarr consciousness threshold+existing ideas & Rarr apperception group) (3) Management theory: including "discipline" and "children management". Discipline is to form virtue, and children's management is to prevent evil deeds. Discipline can be divided into four stages: moral judgment, moral enthusiasm, moral decision and moral self-control. There are restrictions on disciplinary methods, praise (reward), blame and punishment, and the establishment of a healthy living system and other child management methods have punitive threats, supervision and punishment. Let children have no leisure to do bad things (4) Teaching theory: ① Teaching principle (obviously teaching is an important means to realize education, but it depends on the synchronous movement of knowledge growth and moral improvement, but I don't realize the relative independence of moral education and intellectual education) ② Four stages of teaching (clarity or clarity, association or combination, system and method) ③ Moral education theory-dividing educational purposes into possible purposes and necessary purposes (that is, moral education purposes) (5) Compassion courses include social, sympathy and religious courses ② apperception and courses-put forward the principles of "relevance" and "concentration" in curriculum design. Relevance means that the arrangement of different courses in the school should influence each other, and mutual connection and concentration means that one subject is chosen as the learning center among all the courses in the school. Make other subjects a means to learn and understand it (history and mathematics) 3 Children's development and curriculum-the development of children's personality and cognition repeats the process of national development, so in the process of children's learning, courses should be arranged according to the cultural achievements obtained at the corresponding stage in the history of human cognitive development (strengthening physical maintenance in infancy, developing imagination in learning Homer's epic in childhood, and developing rationality in learning history and mathematics in childhood and youth) (6) The spread of Herbart's thought: the pioneer of modern educational science. As a supporter of traditional education, he emphasized the three centers of teachers, classrooms and books. The deficiency of his theory is that it is speculative and philosophical, and it is mechanical and one-sided.

5. Froebel's educational thought-The Father of Preschool Education, (1) On the basic principles of education: ① the principle of unity; (2) conform to the principle of nature; (3) the principle of development (the growth of human beings, like the growth of all things, must obey two complementary principles, namely opposition and harmony); (4) creative principles; ② Kindergarten education theory: ① The significance and task of kindergarten work-kindergarten education should be a supplement to family education rather than a substitute for its task. Through various games and activities, we can cultivate children's sociality and morality, make them understand nature and human beings, develop their intelligence, physical strength and skills in doing things or production, and prepare for the next stage of development. 2 Kindergarten education mode: Self-activity or automatic, social participation in self-activity helps individuals to understand nature, human beings and ultimately God. Unified social participation requires children to fully adapt to group life. Attaching importance to family and neighborhood life (3) Kindergarten curriculum: games and songs, good homework (applying good knowledge to practice), and nature research of sports games 1 Grace are a set of teaching supplies for children created by Floppel, which are symbols of nature. Its educational value lies in helping children gradually understand nature and its internal laws. The condition of kindness is to let children understand the world around them. Every kind of goodwill contains the former kind of goodwill and shows the latter kind of goodwill. Every kindness itself is a complete, interesting and transparent concept. The relationship between homework and kindness lies in that homework applies good knowledge to practice, kindness is active material, kindness is certain, and homework is first of all changing kindness, homework is mainly used for discovery and imitation, and homework is mainly used for acceptance and creation.

6. Marx and Engels' educational thought-(1) critically inherited the educational thought of utopian socialism: ① criticism of capitalist social education (Marxism's criticism of utopian socialism is only based on the theory of human nature) ② the influence of environment and education on human development (Marxism's criticism of utopian socialism regards people as the negative product of the environment and ignores people's subjective initiative, Especially Owen's "environmental determinism" and "educational pragmatism") ③ About human development (Marxism abandons the utopian elements of utopian socialism based on human nature) ④ About the combination of education and productive labor (Marxism criticizes utopian socialism without revealing the essence of the combination of education and productive labor) (2) About the relationship between education and society: society or social relations determine education, and the essential attribute of education restricted by social relations is its sociality. At the same time, it is historical and class-oriented, as well as relatively independent and inherited. (3) On education and social production: the development of education is ultimately restricted by the development of productive forces. Education is an important means to reproduce productive forces, to transform scientific knowledge into real productive forces and to reproduce science and technology. (4) About the formation of human nature and personality: Human nature is labor and the sum of all social relations. Genetic quality is the material basis of human development. Environment and education play a decisive role in human survival and development. (5) Regarding the relationship between human development and education, it is pointed out that only in a communist society can human development be truly realized. (6) On the great significance of the combination of education and productive labor: large-scale industrial production objectively requires the combination of education and productive labor and provides a foundation, while mechanic education provides an important link. The combination of education and productive labor is the reaction and connection of modern production, modern science and modern education.

For more details, please click: 20 15 PubMed: Summary of Educational History of Pedagogy Knowledge Points.

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