From 65438 to 0977, from the moment the country decided to resume the college entrance examination, 5.7 million young people rushed to the examination room from fields, factories and military posts, and the bright future of a country was rekindled overnight.
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The college entrance examination is the forerunner of China's reform and opening-up, and it is also a breakthrough to bring order out of chaos in an all-round way. From this moment on, education in China has entered a new journey of reform and development.
Education is the cornerstone of national development, and youth has always been the protagonist of education and the biggest beneficiary of reform and opening up. China resumed sending overseas students, colleges and universities expanded enrollment, aid policies were introduced, and compulsory education was free ... The introduction of every education policy and the implementation of every education reform are closely related to the fate of generations of young people, which is the historical footprint left by China education in the past 30 years.
Today, we select some historical shots from the masterpiece "The Rise of a Great Education Country 1978~2008" written by the China Education Reform and Development Research Group in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, hoping that the young people who have been or are now can understand the difficult course of China's education reform and development, as well as the changes in educational concepts behind a fateful education policy, so as to understand the background and process of the country's major educational strategic decision.
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee discussed and decided that the college entrance examination registration fee would be reduced from 1 yuan to 50 cents.
1977, the CPC central Committee decided to resume the long-suspended national college entrance examination.
In the face of the national emergency, how to collect the college entrance examination registration fee? According to the relevant personnel of the Student Affairs Office of the former Ministry of Education who participated in drafting the enrollment documents at that time, we feel that it is very difficult for the state to take all the money if it wants to take exams, such as printing and marking papers. We hope the registration fee can be set at one yuan. At that time, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee discussed that, instead of increasing the burden on the masses, he would charge 50 cents.
"Giving priority to education in a strategic position" is hard to come by.
1988 Since May, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has decided to study and draft a programmatic document on education reform and development, which is the outline of China's education reform and development. In the past five years, the drafting discussion group has listened to the opinions of nearly a thousand experts and scholars from all walks of life, and finally officially released this programmatic education document that meets the requirements of China's economic and social development and the establishment of a socialist market economic system in the 1990 s.
According to people who participated in the drafting of the outline, there were different opinions within the discussion group at that time on whether to put education in the strategic position of important development or give priority to development. When soliciting opinions from all walks of life, people outside the education sector did ask questions, saying that if education is given priority, what should other fields do? Therefore, don't underestimate the fourteen words "education first", which is really hard-won.
The source of education expenditure accounts for 4% of GDP.
At the beginning of 1983, the shortage of education funds aroused great concern from all walks of life. To this end, the central government has specially formulated a major topic of "Study on the Reasonable Proportion of Education Funds to Gross National Product" in the National Social Science Fund Planning and Research Project. Professor Wang Shanmai, who once participated in the project, recalled when talking about the introduction of the policy, "At that time, our expert group made a statement: the opinions put forward by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and the State Planning Commission were not adopted, mainly using the statistical data of UNESCO."
According to Deng Xiaoping's goal that China's per capita GDP will reach 800-1000 dollars in 2000, and according to a formula, the expert group finally concluded that the education expenditure of the China government should account for 3.87% of the GDP.
Later, after repeated research and consultation by various departments, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee decided that by the end of 2000, the national fiscal education expenditure would account for 4% of the gross national product, and this decision was finally written into the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China (65438-0993).
The change from "dual track system" to "merging" is the change of China's higher education towards market economy in an all-round way.
At the end of 1980s, some state-owned enterprises or state organs began to increase some additional admission places for their own use in the name of "entrustment". This way of entrustment was gradually interpreted as social behavior, and there was a phenomenon that "public students" and "self-funded students" were juxtaposed. In this case, in order to get more funds, universities are willing to do this cut, so that the college entrance examination enrollment has gradually evolved into a "dual track system", with one leg on the road of "planning" and the other leg on the road of "market".
During the period of 1996, the state implemented the "merging" enrollment of colleges and universities, unified self-funded and public-funded enrollment, and changed the "dual track" into "merging", which was an evolution of China's higher education towards a market economy in an all-round way.
The state vigorously "sucks milk", and the enrollment of colleges and universities increased by 5 1 10,000 in the first year.
From June 65438 to June 0999, the annual national economic and social development plan was being implemented, and the central government and the State Council made a major decision: to expand the enrollment scale of higher education in China.
According to the memory of the person in charge of the Development Planning Department of the Ministry of Education at that time, in June, 1999, just ten days before the college entrance examination, Zhang Baoqing, then vice minister of the Ministry of Education, made a report, and redeployed the enrollment plan according to the scale of increasing 500,000 people, and finally increased the enrollment plan by 5 1 10,000 people. This year, colleges and universities nationwide recruited more students and graduated less, and the total number of students in school increased by 700,000. Prior to this, the annual enrollment growth in the country did not exceed 65438+ 10,000. It can be said that the country has tried its best to "suck milk". For many families and individuals, this is a great opportunity to change their destiny.
From darkroom and clay platform to popularizing nine-year compulsory education
Large-scale education in poor countries has led to difficulties in the development of education in China. The difficulty lies in the limited financial resources of the country, the shortage of education funds and insufficient investment. According to incomplete statistics, in the early 1980s, dilapidated buildings in primary and secondary schools in China accounted for 16% of the total area of school buildings. Take Shandong, a populous province, for example. At that time, dangerous buildings accounted for half of the school buildings in the province. Many schools don't even have buildings. They walk around the shade in summer and around the sun in winter, so they are called "shadow schools".
1985 in may, the first national conference on education was held in Beijing after the reform and opening up. At this conference, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision on the reform of the education system was announced, and according to the new situation of China's economic and social development, the task of popularizing nine-year compulsory education in a planned and step-by-step manner was clearly put forward.
During the drafting of the decision, the central government sent people to all parts of the country to investigate and study. At that time, the rural school buildings in China were very shabby, with dark rooms and mud tables everywhere. According to the people involved in the investigation at that time, the Ministry of Education sent an investigation team to Qinghai for investigation. Investigators walked into a classroom in a school, and all the pupils stood up and applauded warmly for a long time. The investigation team asked the students to sit down, but no one sat down. At first glance, there are no benches, and all the children are standing in class.
After this survey, the Ministry of Education discussed how much it would take to popularize nine-year compulsory education, and initially worked out about several hundred billion, but the state could not come up with it. Later, these problems were reported to the Central Committee, which proposed measures and implemented them step by step in a planned way. Thus, the goal of universal compulsory education was written into the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision on the reform of the education system.
Introduction of "2 1 1 project"
From June 65438 to June 0983, the Ministry of Education held a conference on higher education in Donghu, Wuhan to discuss how to develop China's higher education as soon as possible. Li Shusen, Kuang Yaming, Liu Dan and Qu Bochuan, four retired educators attending the meeting, jointly wrote a letter, suggesting that the state allocate 5 billion yuan to focus on subsidizing 50 institutions of higher learning, so that their school-running conditions can reach the international advanced level by the 1990s. Under the national strength of China at that time, this idea was constructive, which can be said to be the embryonic form of "2 1 1 project".
After that, I made similar suggestions intermittently. 199 1 As an unbalanced development strategy of higher education, "2 1 1 project" was formally mentioned in the Report on the Outline of the Ten-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Eighth Five-year Plan, and was approved by the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China and the State Council.
The student loan policy has been gradually improved, and poor college students no longer worry about money.
On June 28th, 1999 national student loan policy was officially promulgated, and it was piloted in four municipalities directly under the central government, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing, and eight cities including Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi and Nanjing. In August 2000, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the supplementary opinions of the People's Bank of China and other departments on the management of student loans, and clearly proposed to expand the regional scope of national student loans from eight pilot cities to the whole country. Correspondingly, many poor college students can finally realize their college dreams.
654.38 million dollars+the purchase of "the scourge" caused a sensation at home and abroad.
1977, China allocated $654.38+million in foreign exchange for China's embassies and consulates abroad to purchase textbooks from developed countries such as the United States, Britain, France and Japan, and established a foreign textbook exchange center. According to the information provided by authoritative departments, China's net foreign exchange reserves in 1974 were less than 1 billion dollars. Compared with China's net foreign exchange reserves in 200714336+05438+billion dollars, China's foreign exchange reserves in that era were indeed limited. In such a tense situation, the country borrows from very scarce foreign exchange reserves.
Expand sending overseas students to break the closed situation of China 10.
1On June 23rd, 978, Deng Xiaoping, then vice-chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, gave important instructions on expanding the number of students studying abroad, which set off an upsurge of studying abroad in the new historical period of China's reform and opening up, breaking the closed situation of China in 10.
Faced with some people's worries about brain drain, Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "There is nothing wrong with individuals, which is no big deal. Even if a thousand people run out of a hundred, they only account for one tenth, leaving 900. "
On February 26th, 65438, the first batch of 52 visiting scholars from China arrived in the United States. China's actions aroused widespread concern in foreign public opinion at that time, and "shocked Beijing diplomats". They think this is "unprecedented in the communist world" and "convincingly shows China's political confidence".
This history is also in the memory of Xu Jincheng, one of the first 52 students studying in the United States and now a researcher at China Institute of Atomic Energy. He recalled that during Deng Xiaoping's visit to the United States, some students studying in the United States and I attended the reception hosted by President Carter's wife in the Meridian Hotel for Mrs. Zhuo Lin Xiaoping. After the reception, Zhuo Lin called the overseas students together and told us that it was not easy for the country to send you here. After finishing your studies, you should go back to China. If you don't go back, Comrade Xiaoping should be in a hurry.