I. Research background
Since the reform and opening up, China's per capita GDP growth has made remarkable achievements. However, with the growth of per capita GDP, the income gap between urban and rural areas is also expanding sharply. In 2005, the disposable income of urban households in China was 10493 yuan, the per capita net income of farmers was 3255 yuan, and the income ratio was 3.22: 1. With the acceleration of China's social development, the gap between different regions and different social strata has been widening, and the issue of educational equity has become more prominent, which has become a hot spot of social concern.
What is the role of social education in social mobility and social differentiation? Filter? Function, which also has the function of stabilizer and balancer, is regarded as the realization of social equality? The greatest tool? . According to the new requirements put forward at this stage, we should lead the development of education with the concept of harmony, promote educational fairness and justice, promote social fairness and justice, and build a harmonious education to promote the pace of building a harmonious society.
China is a big agricultural country. Only when the countryside develops can the harmonious development of society be truly realized. The foundation of rural development is to do a good job in rural basic education. Basic education is a local undertaking, which undertakes the important task of cultivating talents for the local area. The quality of basic education is directly related to the development and progress of local economy and society. However, the present situation of rural basic education is not optimistic.
Second, the research object
The object of my research this time is aimed at the present situation of rural basic education. Basic education is the knowledge that people need to master in advance in order to gain more knowledge in their growth. As a basic project to cultivate talents and improve the quality of the people, basic education plays an important role in the educational reform in the world facing the 2 1 century. Basic education in China includes preschool education, primary education and general secondary education. The research scope of this report is mainly about the current situation of rural basic education in China.
Third, the purpose of the investigation
1, through on-the-spot investigation and online data collection, broadcast the information on the current situation of rural basic education live.
2. Analyze the problems existing in rural basic education and find out the reasons.
3. Through the case analysis of the current situation of basic education in specific rural areas, we can effectively grasp the causes and solutions of the existing problems in rural basic education.
4. Investigate the problems existing in rural basic education in this area and get first-hand information.
5. Explore ways to solve the problems of rural basic education and jointly explore ways to build a harmonious socialist society.
Fourthly, analyze the current situation of rural basic education in China.
Since the promulgation of National Compulsory Education Law (1986), especially since the implementation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Decision on Education System Reform, China's rural basic education has made great progress. However, due to the congenital deficiency and acquired disorder of rural education, the rural education situation has not achieved a qualitative leap and there are still many problems.
(A) limited government investment, serious shortage of funds for basic education in rural areas, and poor conditions for running schools.
The development of education cannot be separated from certain financial support. The slow development of agricultural economy, the shortage of rural finance and funds, especially the funds for compulsory education, make it difficult for rural schools to achieve sustainable development. China is a big agricultural country, and rural students account for the vast majority of students in compulsory education. At present, the total number of students in compulsory education is about 65.438+93 million. If the rural population accounts for 70% of the total population, there are about 65.438+300 million rural students.
However, for a long time, the proportion of compulsory education investment in schools at all levels in China has been too low, and the proportion of compulsory education investment in total investment has always been below 60%, while the proportion of rural compulsory education investment in total investment has been less than 30% in recent years. Moreover, in the total investment of rural compulsory education, the proportion of government financial allocation is not high.
Although the transfer payment of central education finance has increased in rural compulsory education in recent years, the highest is only 64.9%. The State Council Development Research Center? County and Township Finance and Farmers' Burden? The survey report published by the research group in 20001year shows that the burden of compulsory education in rural areas is as high as 78% at the township level, 9% at the county level, 1 1% at the provincial level, and only 2% at the central level. In foreign countries, the central government is the main source of funds for compulsory education, and in some countries, the central government investment accounts for 80% of the total investment in basic education.
For a long time, rural compulsory education mainly depends on farmers' input. Especially before the reform of rural taxes and fees, rural compulsory education was actually mainly undertaken by farmers. After the reform of taxes and fees, the source of funds for rural basic education is basically township financial allocation, supplemented by rural education surcharge, tuition and fees collection, education fund-raising and so on.
Township finance bears all the responsibilities of rural compulsory education. Farmer's? Is it reasonable? Burden has become an important pillar of rural compulsory education. After the reform of rural taxes and fees, while reducing the burden on farmers, education has also been greatly reduced, and the contradiction between supply and demand in the financial situation of rural compulsory education in some places is more prominent.
Due to insufficient funds, the teaching facilities in rural primary and secondary schools are very backward, and the basic conditions for running schools in some primary and secondary schools are not guaranteed. In 2004, the proportion of rural dilapidated buildings in China was still high, with a total of 45.423 million square meters of D-class dilapidated buildings in primary and secondary schools nationwide.
In addition, about 6.5438+0.75 million square meters of dangerous buildings are added every year, and about 2 million square meters of school buildings are damaged by natural disasters. The dangerous house rates in primary schools and junior high schools are 5.6% and 3.7% respectively. Although the country implemented a new nine-year compulsory education guarantee mechanism in 2006, and many schools built new teaching buildings, office buildings and student dormitories, there is a big gap between rural primary and secondary schools and cities in teaching instruments, experimental equipment, books and materials, modern teaching methods and so on. Their level of educational informatization and educational technology is low, which eventually leads to the loss of rural students.
(2) There is a serious shortage of teachers, the teaching level of teachers is low, and the teaching quality is worrying.
The construction of teachers is very important in the whole education. The quality of teachers is directly related to the quality of school education. The survey found that the current situation of rural teachers is not satisfactory.
1, lack of teachers, rural teachers? Ischemia?
Many rural teachers are reluctant to teach in rural areas because of their low wages, poor living conditions and serious arrears in teachers' wages. Some newly graduated college students prefer to stay at home rather than become rural teachers. At the same time, teachers with connections at home and slightly higher teaching level also try their best to squeeze into the city. Coupled with the expansion of enrollment in urban schools in recent years, some schools are short of teachers and begin to recruit teachers from rural areas.
As cities give priority to recruiting teachers, more and more excellent teachers flow to cities. Due to the loss of teachers, it is common for a teacher to attend classes across grades in primary and secondary schools in poor rural areas. Many rural schools have a serious shortage of teachers in science, machinery and art, which can't meet the needs after the new curriculum reform.
In addition, an important factor causing the shortage of rural education teachers is the one-way flow of teachers, that is, excellent teachers only flow upward. Teachers in the village go to schools in the town if they teach well, and those in the town go to schools in the county if they teach well. And so on. This rigid selection mechanism leads to the shortage of teachers in rural basic education system. Rural teacher background? Innate? Insufficient, helpless, suffering from loss, rural teachers are serious? Ischemia? .
2. The quality of teachers is uneven, and the degree of specialization of teachers is low.
Rural primary and secondary school teachers' academic qualifications are generally low, the gap between academic qualifications and ability standards is large, and the quality of teachers is uneven. Taking Hunan Province as an example, the proportion of full-time teachers with bachelor degree or above in rural primary schools is less than 20% in cities and towns, and that in junior high schools is only half that in cities and towns. For example, the qualified rate of teachers in rural schools in Hengyang City is 22.7%. Although the qualified rate of rural teachers has been greatly improved through large-scale compensatory education and on-the-job training, the quality of teachers still cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of compulsory education.
Most of the teachers in some rural schools are high school graduates who have not been admitted to the universities in their own towns (counties), and even junior high school graduates have become teachers, and many teachers in poor counties have graduated from primary schools. In addition, a considerable number of rural teachers have outdated educational concepts, outdated knowledge and backward teaching methods, which are difficult to meet the needs of educational reform and development.
Especially in today's rapid development of information technology, they can't keep up with the pace of the times, which makes the rural primary and secondary school teachers unable to form an echelon and the degree of specialization is not high. The low quality of teachers directly affects and restricts the improvement of students' quality. Due to the low quality of teaching, students in some rural schools are gradually losing. In some areas, from village primary schools to central primary schools, and from central primary schools to county primary schools, eugenics continue to flow to county towns? This has become a trend. In the long run, schools will fall into a vicious circle and will tend to shrink with this vicious circle.
(c) Family poverty, a new kind of poverty? Reading is useless?
In rural areas, especially in poverty-stricken areas, due to the low investment in education, the burden of education funds that should have been paid by the government has been transferred to peasant families. There is no compulsory education, and ordinary people need to pay their own tuition fees. Farmers earn very little every year, and most of it is used to pay for their children's tuition. Some families with many children become poor through education.
Farmers can't bear the burden of educational expenses, which leads to children dropping out of school. In addition, in recent years, the employment situation is not optimistic and vocational education is extremely underdeveloped, which leads to the useless knowledge that students have learned in universities in rural areas and the emergence of new ones in rural areas. Reading is useless? .
Some parents think that it is better to let their children go out to work early to earn money to supplement their families. In particular, children from poor families with poor grades are constrained by family financial resources, and their demand for education is very weak, and even they have not graduated from primary school. The poor have lost the opportunity to learn, which limits their personal development opportunities.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) A Case Study of Basic Education in Yingsheng Village
I came to Yingsheng Village, an ordinary village in Wulongbei Town, Dandong City, Liaoning Province, and the results are as follows.
(A) the status quo of education
According to the data of 2009, the population of the whole village is 1500, and there are nearly 200 school-age children. There is only one primary school in the village, with 9 teachers in 6 grades. Among the 9 teachers, there are no bachelor degree or above, 7 with junior high school education, 4 with intermediate titles and 5 with junior titles. The survey found that the main problems in the village's basic education are: on the one hand, there is a shortage of teachers, and the phenomenon of cross-grade classes is serious. Many teachers take this course first and then go to that one. Because they can't take care of it, they can only let some students learn by themselves or do their homework.
We also know that due to the low salaries and poor office conditions of rural teachers, it is difficult to retain people in rural basic education posts, and teachers are frequently transferred. On the other hand, teachers generally have low academic qualifications, low professional titles and low quality? Three lows? Phenomenon. Most teachers are? People turn to the public? Teachers are too old to greatly improve their professional quality in a short time.
Panorama of Yingsheng Primary School
(2) The main problems faced
1, the number of teachers is insufficient, the distribution is uneven and the quality is low. Due to the restriction of policy factors, the village has not supplemented teachers for nearly three years, resulting in a serious shortage and imbalance of teachers. However, teachers in central schools and schools with good traffic conditions in the town are generally overstaffed, with insufficient number, uneven distribution and low quality. At the same time, because a group of people with low academic qualifications and incomplete quality have entered the teaching team, plus? People turn to the public? Teachers,
As a result, the overall quality of teachers is not high and the age structure is unreasonable. The rural curriculum reform poses a great challenge to the current rural teachers, which requires teachers' educational ideas and teaching role behaviors to be fully implemented.
A change of direction. Because the age, education, knowledge and physical and mental status of rural teachers are very different, the transformation process is very difficult.
2. School management needs to be improved. First, the headmaster's structure is unreasonable, he is old and his work energy is limited; Young people are too young to have any work experience, let alone good work experience. Second, some principals are one-sided in school management and only pay attention to learning.
School teaching management, such as school safety management, students' moral education, disease prevention and comprehensive management of social security, is not strong enough.
3. The school is in financial difficulties. Realize? One fee system? And then what? Two exemptions and one supplement? After that, it did reduce the burden on the people, but the office expenses of the school were affected to some extent. Due to the limited financial resources of the government, it is difficult for the above funds to be in place in full and on time, which affects the normal operation of the school's daily work to a certain extent and cannot implement some infrastructure construction, such as the construction of school buildings and the creation of green schools.
Sixth, the countermeasures of rural basic education.
In view of the difficulties of basic education in rural areas, China proposed to implement education funding this year. Education aid is the policy, material and financial assistance provided by the state, social organizations and individuals to poor areas and poor students in order to ensure the school-age population to receive education. Limited by the rural foundation, it is difficult for rural areas to realize education self-help. Therefore, it is an inevitable choice to give full play to the government's regulation function and implement the rural education aid in time to promote the development of rural education.
educational appropriations
1. Increase investment in rural education and establish a rural education funding guarantee mechanism.
The key to alleviating the investment in basic education is to solve the problem of weak financial resources. Education is a public product, and the government should bear the responsibility. It is suggested that the state increase investment in education and strictly stipulate the appropriate proportion of investment in rural education. After the reform of rural taxes and fees in many provinces in China, rural education surcharge and rural education fund-raising were cancelled, and the fiscal revenue of counties and townships decreased. In order to ensure the investment in basic education in counties and townships, the central government should determine a certain proportion of tax revenue for transfer payment and special use for basic education in rural areas.
Give full play to the absolute main role of national public finance funds in the allocation of rural compulsory education resources, and build a financial transfer payment system in which the basic education investment is mainly borne by the central and provincial finance, so as to finally realize rural compulsory education and ensure the long-term mechanism for farmers' children to enjoy equal educational opportunities.
2. Broaden financing channels and raise education funds through multiple channels.
Since China's economic development level and comprehensive national strength have not reached the level of fully paying for rural compulsory education, it is unlikely that rural education funds will be paid by the state for a long time in the long run. In order to make rural compulsory education develop better, besides the state's guarantee for rural compulsory education funds, we should try our best to raise funds through other channels.
For example, you can build? Compulsory education foundation? Accept donations from all walks of life; Issue education lottery tickets so that the whole society can pay attention to and support compulsory education. The funds obtained are uniformly distributed by the government according to relevant policies and effectively used for rural education. At the same time, it is suggested that the state formulate a rural education funding law to ensure the priority development of rural education.
(2) teachers.
1. Strengthen the training of rural teachers and constantly improve their professional level.
Rural teachers' information is blocked and there are few opportunities for training. Their educational ideas and teaching methods are far from those of urban teachers. Therefore, governments at all levels should vigorously develop and make full use of domestic and foreign educational aid projects and strengthen the training of rural principals and teachers. At the same time, teachers' continuing education policy should be inclined to rural teachers, such as providing free training for rural teachers and appropriately increasing the number of teachers' training places.
To cultivate rural teachers, we should add some new ideas, and at the same time, pay attention to the improvement of teachers' actual education and teaching quality and teachers' actual teaching effect in combination with rural reality, so as to effectively improve the education and teaching quality of rural schools.
2. Establish a reasonable teacher flow mechanism.
The government should take effective measures to realize the two-way flow of teachers. Realize? Teacher exchange mechanism? Exchange teachers from cities to teach in rural areas for half a year or a year to promote rural education; Rural teachers' internships in urban schools are enriched and improved, thus solving the problem of one-way flow of rural teachers and effectively improving the quality of rural education. Fundamentally solve the problem of educational equity, so as to effectively control the dropout rate.
For example, in 1995, Henan Province made it compulsory for newly graduated college students to go to the countryside to teach for one year, taking teaching as a condition for evaluating their professional titles in the future. At the same time, it gives preferential conditions for teaching college students to become full members six months in advance. In 2006, Zhengzhou introduced a new education funding policy. Since 2007, all teachers in Zhengzhou city have been teaching in rural schools for 5 years 1 year.
According to the document of Zhengzhou Education Bureau, from 2006 onwards, the number of students who go to the countryside for exchange in schools directly under the municipal government should be no less than 10% of all the teaching staff. In addition, the government can also tilt to the countryside in terms of policies, such as encouraging excellent teachers to go to the countryside to tour and encouraging the flow of teachers in scarce disciplines.
3. Formulate practical measures to attract normal college graduates to teach in rural areas.
Due to the poor conditions of rural schools and low wages, most college graduates are reluctant to go to the countryside. On the one hand, they are afraid of not having the opportunity to go to school in the city, and on the other hand, they are worried that they will be assimilated in the countryside. Due to the backward educational concept of rural teachers, the low professional level of teachers and the serious shortage of hardware facilities in rural schools, it is difficult for new teachers to carry out teaching reform. In order to attract teachers college graduates to teach in rural areas, the government should give certain preferential policies to teachers college graduates who teach in rural areas.
4. Make full use of existing rural resources and conditions, develop local education and teaching mode, and improve the level of education and teaching.
Rural schools and urban schools are far apart in hardware. In the short term, teachers in rural schools can't always complain. They should make full use of all available educational resources in rural areas, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, learn from each other's strong points, develop 9th grade's teaching model, and improve rural education and teaching level. lixuue86.com
Poor families.
Education is an important way to change one's destiny. Poor families are at a disadvantage in enjoying social resources, especially educational resources. If there is no auxiliary mechanism to ensure the fairness of their education, then poverty itself may become? Inherited an unfortunate fate. This vicious circle of personal destiny. Eventually, the whole society will be hurt. Therefore, the government should take measures to make the education aid for poor students the top priority of rural education aid.
1. Establish a stable education funding mechanism.
Governments at all levels should set up a leading group for students from poor families, establish a joint conference system for students from poor families, and set up? Primary and secondary school donation center? At the same time, it is necessary to fully allocate funds for career preparation, set up special funds for poverty-stricken students in primary and secondary schools, include the assistance work in the government's annual work target management, clarify the responsibilities of various departments, integrate all forces, coordinate and guide regular assistance activities in the region, and promote the work of helping poor students.
2. Increase education assistance.
The aid for poor students should be mainly government funds and continue to be implemented? Two exemptions and one supplement? Policies should be implemented. At the same time, it is necessary to organize and mobilize people from all walks of life to donate money for education with regular donation activities as the carrier. At present, whether it is government assistance, social donations, or school rewards and exemptions, the coverage of education aid is not large as a whole, the average amount of people arriving is low, and there is too little assistance. Therefore, governments at all levels should arrange special assistance funds for poor students every year and increase assistance.
3. Strive to expand the scope of education aid.
With the development of China's economy and the continuous improvement of national income, it has become possible for China to gradually implement free compulsory education. On June 5438+065438+1October 10, 2005, the State Council Press Office held a press conference in Beijing, and the Ministry of Education released the National Education for All Report for the first time. The report lists the timetable for the implementation of free compulsory education in China: by 2007, all students with financial difficulties in rural compulsory education will enjoy it? Two exemptions and one supplement? (Free of miscellaneous fees, books and meals), to ensure that no children will be absent from school due to family difficulties.
By 20 10, nine-year free compulsory education will be implemented in all rural areas of the country, and by 20 15, free compulsory education will be widely implemented throughout the country. However, the government and society pay relatively little attention to poverty alleviation in senior high school education. Although there are some related policies, there are some problems in implementation. From a national perspective, most areas still lack rigid systems and measures. Therefore, in education aid, the scope of assistance should be extended to the high school stage.
In a word, it is an important guarantee for the timeliness and long-term effectiveness of rural education aid to gradually establish a government-led and multi-pronged education aid system and formulate a reasonable education aid policy.
Seven. Enlightenment and conclusion
Through several days' investigation, I have a preliminary understanding of the present situation of rural basic education. The above are some specific situations obtained from this practice, but it is not enough to just know the situation. Since it is a research report, I will conduct in-depth research and thinking on the basis of investigation. Below, I combine the specific content of the course "Introduction to the Theoretical System of Mao Zedong Thought and Socialism with Chinese characteristics" offered by the students of Grade 09 in our school, and briefly expound and summarize the investigation activities of the current situation of rural basic education in order to better. Pay attention to people's livelihood and develop harmoniously? The purpose of thematic practice activities.
From the survey object Yingsheng Village and the whole rural basic education in China, I think the reasons for worrying about rural basic education in China are as follows:
First, the state has not invested enough in education. The economic level of the countryside itself is very limited, and education is an important link to promote economic development. China is a big agricultural country, and the education investment is not enough, so the role of education in promoting the economy will not be reflected. In the long run, it will form a vicious circle. This is the most serious problem faced by rural basic education in China.
Second, there is a serious shortage of teachers. The number of rural teachers is small and their professionalism is seriously insufficient, which is seriously unfavorable to rural education.
Third, the poverty of rural families has always hindered the improvement of rural basic education. No money for school? This has seriously hindered the education of rural children.
China is a big agricultural country, and the rural problem is an important problem in China, and rural education is the most important thing to solve the rural problem. As far as Yingsheng Village is concerned, it is urgent for them to rely on the economy to help education, rely on education to feed back the economy, promote economic growth, realize people's livelihood development and social harmony, make Yingsheng Village rich, harmonious and beautiful, and make China more powerful, prosperous, harmonious and stable!