First, demonstrate imitation
Imitation is the starting point of learning and using Chinese. Learning to listen and speak, learning to read and write, was originally "imitation". Learners generally follow the cognitive route of "intuition-thinking-practice", consciously or unconsciously pay attention to the content, form and method of Chinese used by others, accept the stimulation and influence of others, and gain other people's Chinese experience. And "use" the language content, forms and methods used by others to understand and express; Then through their own practice, independent understanding and expression.
"Imitation" has an example to follow, which can reduce the learning difficulty and easily evaluate the learning effect. However, Chinese learning is not random imitation, let alone blind imitation. Imitation in Chinese learning is the starting point of discovery and innovation. At first, it is required to "conform to the law", and then it must be "not conform to the change".
Cognitive psychology tells us that learning can only happen when new experiences change learners' original psychological structure. The change of psychological structure requires learners to pay attention to the external stimulus and influence, which requires learners to accept demonstration or guidance to ensure "following the law" and "seeking change outside the norm". Therefore, "demonstration imitation" has become the most important basic way of Chinese teaching.
"Demonstration imitation" means that in Chinese teaching, teachers and students take the text as an example to understand the text and "imitate" the content, form and method of the text to listen, speak, read and write, so as to achieve the purpose of learning and using Chinese; It also means that in Chinese teaching, teachers and students take their own listening, speaking, reading and writing as examples to get to know each other, communicate with each other and imitate each other; "Demonstrative imitation" also requires open Chinese teaching, so that teachers and students can enter the society and life, get in touch with more Chinese examples, gain more Chinese experience and accept more Chinese influence.
"Demonstration imitation" attaches importance to the guiding role of teachers. "Imitation" has both the state of "acquisition" and the state of "learning". Only by transforming the unconscious state of "acquisition" into the conscious state of "learning" can we improve the efficiency of Chinese learning. Chinese "learning" means that students learn and master Chinese under the guidance of teachers. In the teaching process, teachers should effectively guide students' learning and promote their all-round development in knowledge and ability, process and method, emotional attitude and values.
Second, the culvert swimming accumulation type
"Accumulation" is the basis of learning and using Chinese. Chinese accumulation includes the accumulation of language and characters, the understanding of text structure, the mastery of learning methods, the accumulation of culture, the cultivation of emotional attitudes and values, and so on. It not only laid a foundation for learning and using Chinese, but also laid a foundation for ability and spirit; It not only lays a foundation for learning and using Chinese, but also lays a foundation for studying and working in other disciplines.
Chinese curriculum standards pay special attention to "accumulation". In the "basic concept", it is required to "enrich the accumulation of languages"; In the "overall goal", "rich accumulation" is required; In the Teaching Suggestion, it is required to "pay attention to the accumulation, perception and application of language"; In the "evaluation suggestion", it is required to "pay attention to strengthening the evaluation of students' daily reading, encourage students to read more and increase their accumulation in reading practice"; In the "stage goal", different accumulation requirements are put forward for different stages; In the "Appendix", I put forward "Recommendations for Excellent Poetry Reading" and "Suggestions for Extracurricular Reading". From the above requirements for "accumulation", we can also see that the important way of language "accumulation" is reading, and "swimming" is among the famous sentences. It can be seen that Chinese teaching attaches importance to "hidden swimming accumulation".
"Han Yong" means "immerse yourself in it and experience it carefully". "Han Yong" means appreciating the beauty of words, savoring the charm of sentences, feeling the connotation of works and admiring the originality of authors. The application of "hidden accumulation" in Chinese teaching requires memorizing famous articles and good words; Internalize the knowledge and feelings in the works into their own cognitive structure and emotional structure, form a keen sense of language, and gain rich perceptual experience and profound rational understanding in the use of language. "Inclined accumulation" is one of the important ways of Chinese teaching.
Excellent teachers have explored and summarized many methods of using "inclusive swimming accumulation" in Chinese teaching. For example, we should guide Han Yong to read repeatedly, take "synthesis" as the starting point and destination of cognition, combine the overall grasp with analytical cognition, and avoid the cognitive limitation caused by artificial segmentation; Induce immersion in oral communication, strengthen oral communication activities in the specific context of the text, and achieve the effect of immersion in the text; In variant training, we should guide swimming, change the direction or form of training by using the language materials of the text, and guide students to ponder and taste the language from multiple angles, so as to gain various experiences and positive feelings; Teaching Han Yong in the special research, guiding students to do research reading around the topic of the text, students immersed in the language of the text, the process of studying the topic has become a process of reading carefully and thinking modestly; In expanding the text, we advocate swimming, guide students to experience and extrapolate in the text, encourage students to innovate in the semantic field of the text, and constantly edit and adapt the text. ③
"Han Yong's accumulation" is not limited to language materials. We can also feel the profound meaning of the story from the article and form a profound ideological accumulation. Soviet writer Kang? In Botovsky's Golden Rose, there is a touching story: a cleaner collects garbage from a jewelry workshop, sifts out bits and pieces of gold from it, and over time, finally makes it into a golden rose. "Golden Rose" tells us: "Every moment, every accidental word and hope, every profound or playful thought, every tiny beat of the human mind, similarly, there are groups of flying poplars or a little starlight reflected in the still pond-all particles of gold powder." ④
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Precautions:
① Eysenck: Cognitive Psychology, translated by Gao Dingguo, East China Normal University Press, July 2009.
② People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) Ministry of Education: Chinese Curriculum Standards for Full-time Compulsory Education (Experimental Draft), Beijing Normal University Press, 200 1 version.
③ Zhou Hengli: On Han Yong, Primary School Chinese Teaching Forum, No.6, 200 1.
4 kang? Bao Si Tosky, translated by Shi Li, The Golden Rose, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1980, p. 1 1.
[Author Tong Lian: Henan Institute of Education]