"Learning in the official" is the main feature of the education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The main manifestations are that academics and education are controlled by the government, and laws and regulations, ancient books and documents, and ritual vessels used in sacrificial ceremonies are all controlled by the government, and ordinary people have no contact at all. Under the system of "learning depends on officials", a relatively perfect school education system has been formed from the central government to the local government, with the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics as the main educational contents.
Schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty have a relatively complete system, which can be divided into two categories: one is Chinese studies and the other is rural studies.
The Western Zhou School takes "Six Arts" as its basic educational content. The so-called "six arts", that is, ceremony, music, shooting, royal, calligraphy, number. Among the six arts, there are also "big arts" and "small arts". Ritual, music, shooting and defense are great skills, which are university courses, while books and numbers are minor skills, mainly for primary schools. The "ritual" teaching in the Western Zhou Dynasty is mainly the training of the code of conduct, operational skills and personal cultivation in the political life of the country, which is necessary for aristocratic children. "Music" includes vocal music, instrumental music and dance. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, morality, language and dance were taught. "Happiness is why we practice, and courtesy is why we practice." Shooting "refers to archery, and" Imperial "refers to driving. "Book" refers to writing, and "number" refers to arithmetic.
The content of Six Arts Education in the Western Zhou Dynasty had an important influence on later generations.
Ceremony, music, shooting, copying, calligraphy and numbering. After the Han Dynasty, people called the Six Classics compiled by Confucius "Six Arts". Some people call the "Six Arts" of the Western Zhou Dynasty "Old Six Arts".
The "six arts" in traditional Confucian ethics: ceremony, music, calligraphy, number, restraint and shooting, have an important influence on standardizing society and educating people. "Six Arts" is the basic content of China culture. Although it is a high-grade cultural creation, it can also be widely popular among the people, forming a historical situation under the guidance of cultural elites and the direct participation of the Lebanese people (it should be noted that in feudal society, most of the working people were illiterate because they did not have the opportunity to receive education. In order to adapt to this situation, these "elegant" cultural forms have to expand their influence with secular appearance and form and strive for a larger audience. This is also an important reason why China has a large number of intangible and oral cultural heritages.
Was Three Western Zhou Six Arts the main teaching content at that time?
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The Six Arts in the Western Zhou Dynasty was the aristocratic education system of the Zhou Dynasty in China, which began in the Zhou Dynasty in 1046 BC. Guan's research requires students to master six basic talents: etiquette, music, archery, royal command, calligraphy and mathematics. From "Bao's Family in Zhou Li": "Cultivating the country by Tao is to teach six arts: one is five rituals, the other is six music, the third is five shots, the fourth is five emperors' rituals, the fifth is six books, and the sixth is nine numbers." This is the "Six Arts" of "Five Classics and Six Arts". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius also taught six arts in private schools, but these six arts are the six classics of Confucianism, called Yi, Shu, Shi, Li, Yue, Spring and Autumn. The modern interpretation of the six arts includes six skills, such as "courtesy, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and number".
What is the main research of six arts education in the four Western Zhou Dynasties?
Shooting in the six arts is the education of practicing martial arts. According to the etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty, scholars should learn "five shots": white arrow, ginseng, swish, fragrant pool and well device, and also learn "five precautions": singing and making love, chasing water, crossing the table of the monarch, dancing across the road and chasing the leftover birds. Archery education is not only a physical or technical exercise, but also a comprehensive education, including the cultivation of moral sentiment and inner ambition. Of the two major religions of shooting, shooting is the most important. In the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are many records about the children of the royal family learning to shoot in Biyong and Gong Xue. Such as: Zhou Kangwang's "Mai Zun": "If the sun goes out and goes up the wall, the king will become a big wind in the boat and shoot a big bird." Mu's Jing Ke: "The king ordered Jing Ke to shoot." ... in the big pool. "The level of archery is often regarded as the standard for scholars to get rewards and promotion, and the warlord Gong Shi also has to pass the archery exam to decide whether it is good or bad. The number of six arts books is about the knowledge education of reading, writing and arithmetic. Books are literacy education, divided into "six books": pictographic, knowing, annotating, referring to things, borrowing and harmonic sounds; Number is the education of mathematical knowledge, which is divided into nine numbers: square field, millet, decreasing fraction, less generalization, quotient, equal loss, surplus and deficiency, equation and pythagorean. Mathematics education has obvious practical and effective characteristics, and it is taught in primary schools, so it is called "small art", which is the basis of learning etiquette and music. She studied in college, so she was called "great art", and it was also a necessary preparation for practicing etiquette and music. The teaching of rites and music is the highest realm of moral knowledge, and it is the necessary accomplishment to learn to govern the country for the monarch and the world, so it is called "Avenue" and "Great Virtue". Although the number of books taken is indispensable, they are "documents" after all. The so-called "a gentleman's road is not a tool" probably stems from the tradition of attaching importance to morality over skill in ancient China education.
Education in the Western Five Dynasties
First, the Western Zhou Dynasty's "Learning from Politics"
"Learning in the official" is the main feature of the education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The main manifestations are that academics and education are controlled by the government, and laws and regulations, ancient books and documents, and ritual vessels used in sacrificial ceremonies are all controlled by the government, and ordinary people have no contact at all. Without academic education, there is no school education. There is only education on productive labor and social life in a broad sense, which is usually carried out in production and life. The political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was the system of lords and nobles. Governors and doctors have their own hereditary territory, and most of the official positions of * * * are hereditary, which is called "Shi Qing Shi Lu" in history. Under this system, the school education to train the ruling class to govern the country is bound to focus on the aristocratic children, the so-called "sons of the country", and their education is naturally arranged by the government.
Learning is reflected in the separation of officials and teachers and the unity of politics and religion. Officials have both administrative duties and teaching tasks. For example, the host of Chinese studies in the Western Zhou Dynasty is called Da Lesi, who is in charge of sacrifice and national etiquette. He is the highest ceremony and music official in the country and is also in charge of Chinese studies education. Sinology is not only a place for teaching, but also a place for the state to hold major ceremonial activities, such as offering sacrifices, shooting in the countryside, and offering prisoners. Rural schools at all levels are also places for local drinking ceremony, shooting ceremony, discussing politics, supporting the elderly and respecting the virtuous. Political activity itself is an important part of school education, and students receive all kinds of education in the process of participating in politics.
Under the system of "learning depends on officials", a relatively perfect school education system has been formed from the central government to the local government, with the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics as the main educational contents.
Second, the educational system and contents of schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty
Schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty have a relatively complete system, which can be divided into two categories: one is Chinese studies and the other is rural studies. See the following table for the school system of the Western Zhou Dynasty:
The Western Zhou School takes "Six Arts" as its basic educational content. The so-called "six arts", that is, ceremony, music, shooting, royal, calligraphy, number. Among the six arts, there are also "big arts" and "small arts". Ritual, music, shooting and defense are great skills, which are university courses, while books and numbers are minor skills, mainly for primary schools. It can be seen that the educational content of Guo Xue in the Western Zhou Dynasty is quite rich, and the basic contents are etiquette, music, shooting, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics. The educational tradition of "Six Arts" also had a far-reaching impact on the education in the later feudal society.
Third, the decline of official school and the rise of private school.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great social turmoil and great changes in China. The education of "learning in the official" is declining, and a new educational form-private school has begun to rise to meet the needs of the new situation.
The reason for the decline of official learning is, first of all, the world turmoil.
The more important reason for the decline of official schools is that old education has lost its value.
The decline of official learning reflects that the old education system of "learning in official" has not adapted to the requirements of the new era.
The reasons for the emergence of private schools are: first, the spread and downward movement of academics; Second, the emergence of a new class of scholars.
The rise of private schools is of great significance in the history of education in China.
First of all, it broke through the situation that "learning is in the official" and school education is monopolized by the government since the Western Zhou Dynasty, and expanded the educational target. Confucius advocated "teaching without class" and put it into practice in private schools. The object of education has expanded from a few nobles to civilians, which has opened up a broad road for the wide spread of knowledge.
Secondly, private school is a special educational place, which breaks the old official education system of integrating politics with religion and integrating officials with teachers, making education an independent activity. Teachers in private schools began to become a relatively independent social occupation, taking sages with knowledge and skills as teachers. Teachers are free to give lectures, and students are free to choose teachers. At that time, there was competition in private schools. It was said that even Confucius' private schools had "three more and three less".
Third, private schools have made new progress in educational content and methods. In terms of educational content, it broke through the scope of the "six arts" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and all factions were free to impart their own political and moral values and new knowledge and skills. In terms of educational methods, private schools can have no fixed educational places, but take teachers as the center and students' active learning as the driving force, so running schools has considerable flexibility.
Fourthly, the development of private schools has accumulated rich educational experience and promoted the development of pre-Qin educational theory. Private schools have not only produced a large number of outstanding educational thinkers, such as Confucius, Mozi, Mencius, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Shang Yang and Han Fei. Moreover, there have appeared such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, The Book of Shang Jun, Han Feizi, etc., which recorded a lot of educational thoughts.
In a word, the emergence and development of private schools is the necessity of historical development and the historical change of the education system. Under certain historical conditions, private schools rely on free running schools, free running schools, free lectures and free competition to develop education, which not only conforms to the historical trend, but also opens a new era in the history of education in China.
Fourth, train scholars and Xia Ji Gong Xue.
In the fierce competition, strength and strategy are the basis of winning, and talents are the key to enhancing strength and adopting correct strategies. At that time, the rulers with unique vision in various countries opened the door to recruiting talents. In the early days, Qi Huangong used Guan Zhong, and Qin Mugong used Prissy. Later, Shang Yang, Sun Bin, Wuqi, Su Qin and Zhang Yi were all prominent ministers who were born scholars.
The atmosphere of cultivating scholars promoted the further prosperity of private schools during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. A scholar's public office or private door is like a private school or some private schools, which has a great influence on the Jixia Palace in the State of Qi.
Gong Xue, Xia Ji was built under Jiyumen, the capital of Qi during the Warring States Period. It is a national institution established by the rulers of Qi State to train scholars. With the help of the country's financial and material resources, it lasted for a century and a half, and almost concentrated scholars of various schools at that time. Although Xia Ji Gong Xue is officially managed by Qi, it is actually a * * * institution of many private schools.
Its characteristics mainly include:
First, "talk without cure", that is, scholars do not hold specific official positions, generally do not undertake administrative affairs, in case the rulers consult, but engage in their own academic research and lecture activities every day. Therefore, Xia Ji Gong Xue actually plays the role of a "think tank".
Second, free debate. Jixia Academy adopts the policy of academic freedom and inclusiveness, and all factions occupy a certain position in Jixia Academy. In order to get their theory recognized, they have to convince others through public debate, which enlivens their thinking and prospers their research. In the "regular meeting" held in Gong Xue, not only teachers and tourists of the whole school can participate freely, but also students can participate in the rebuttal debate. This kind of democracy and equality between teachers and students in the academic field is helpful to broaden our horizons, and is also conducive to the growth of talents, which has played a great role in liberating and invigorating students' minds.
Third, learn from teachers. Xia Ji Gong Xue's teaching method is very special. In teaching, students can attend classes freely and implement the policy of freedom of study tour. At that time, there were both individuals and groups who came to Jixia Xuegong. You can ask to join at any time, or you can leave at any time, without any restrictions. After students come to Jixia Xuegong, not only one teacher, but also other teachers can come to attend classes for advice. This flexible teaching system enables students to get in touch with various theories, breaks the limitations of academic schools, and each school criticizes and absorbs each other in Jixia Academy, which promotes academic development.
Fourthly, in terms of student management, Xia Ji and Gong Xue formulated the first student code in history-Disciples' Duties, the full text of which is contained in Guanzi. From respecting teachers to respecting morality, from eating and drinking to dressing, from classroom teaching to after-class review, there are strict regulations. From the standpoint of disciples, we can see the overall characteristics of Jixia Xuegong in managing students, which embodies the purpose, plan and organization of teaching. This theory has been passed down from generation to generation and has far-reaching influence.
What is the core position of Six Arts Education in the Western Zhou Dynasty?
The content of the education of Chinese studies in the Western Zhou Dynasty is centered on rites and music, supplemented by shooting, imperial examination, writing and calculation.
Ethics is the knowledge education about politics, patriarchal clan system, ethics and etiquette. Rites are the yardstick for the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the contents involved are also very extensive. The Book of Rites says "Rites are in the country of the son of heaven", just like weighing, keeping the ink straight and keeping the rules square, so the education of rites occupies a core position in the education of Six Arts in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition to standardizing religious concepts and rituals such as offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, The Rites of the Western Zhou Dynasty also aims to instill the concept of hierarchy and patriarchal clan system, so as to strengthen the political status of the Western Zhou Dynasty kingship. The rituals of the Western Zhou Dynasty's Chinese studies include five aspects: good or ill luck, military service, hospitality and etiquette. The rural studies recorded in the literature include "six rituals" such as crown, marriage, funeral, sacrifice, banquet and meeting. The ethics of Chinese studies is dominated by historians, while the ethics of rural studies is dominated by Da Situ.
What influence did the Six Arts Education in the Western Zhou Dynasty have on later generations?
The degree of reproduction of the rites and music system of the Duke of Zhou pointed out the direction for the university education in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the university established a typical classical education official school system of "integration of politics and religion" with "rites and music" as the core, and formed a complete six-art education including "shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics".
The six arts education in the Western Zhou Dynasty was closely related to the six books, The Book of Songs, The History of Books, The Rites of Rites, Jing Yue, The Book of Changes and The Spring and Autumn Annals, which were later arranged and taught by Confucius.
It can be seen from the six basic talents that ancient Confucianism required students to master, such as etiquette, music, shooting, imperial command, calligraphy and mathematics, that the six classics and six arts have a certain relationship of inheritance and development. This shows the influence of Six Arts Education in the Western Zhou Dynasty on later generations.
The Content and Characteristics of Six Arts Education in Eight Western Zhou Dynasty
The contents of Six Arts Education in the Western Zhou Dynasty: Ritual, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Numbering. Among them, the ceremony is divided into five ceremonies (auspicious, fierce, guest, army and Jia); There are six kinds of music (Yunmen, Daxian, Dashao, Daxia, Daxie and Dawu). Five shots (white arrow, joint, injection, ruler, well instrument); There are five emperors (singing Luan, chasing water songs, crossing the monarch's watch, dancing across the street and chasing birds left), six books (pictographs, signifiers, knowing words, pictographs, phonetic symbols, seal beads and seal Xia) and nine books.
Characteristics of Six Arts Education in Western Zhou Dynasty: Official Learning.
The Content and Characteristics of Six Arts Education in Western Zhou Dynasty for Nine Years
Six arts poetry, calligraphy and painting, ceremony and music shooting, royal. Poetry means that a scholar-bureaucrat can write poems and songs like Song Ya in The Book of Songs. Books refer to the calligraphy of literati, who want to write a good hand. Etiquette refers to the etiquette and rules of communication with people, such as etiquette and law. Music refers to musical talent. Shooting is archery. The emperor means driving a car.
Evaluation of Six Arts Teaching in Western Zhou Dynasty
Ceremonies, music, shooting, royal copying, calligraphy and numbering. After the Han Dynasty, people called the Six Classics compiled by Confucius "Six Arts". Some people call the "Six Arts" of the Western Zhou Dynasty "Old Six Arts".
The "six arts" in traditional Confucian ethics: ceremony, music, calligraphy, number, restraint and shooting, have an important influence on standardizing society and educating people. "Six Arts" is the basic content of China culture. Although it is a high-grade cultural creation, it can also be widely popular among the people, forming a historical situation under the guidance of cultural elites and the direct participation of Li people (it should be noted that in feudal society, the vast majority of people are illiterate. In order to adapt to this situation, these "elegant" cultural forms have to expand their influence with secular appearance and form, and strive for a larger audience. This is also an important reason why China has a large number of intangible and oral cultural heritages.