In winter, there are many frosts, fogs, rains and snows, and the temperature is low, which increases many difficulties for drivers and brings many unfavorable factors to driving safety. In order to ensure the safety of driving in winter, we should focus on the following four tasks: anti-freezing, anti-skid, anti-fog and fire prevention:

First, we must prevent freezing. Due to the cold and low temperature in winter, most vehicles are parked in the open air or spend the night in the general garage, which is prone to freezing damage to vehicles. Therefore, vehicles parked overnight should choose a dry and sheltered place, and the front of the vehicle should face downwind. Pay attention to completely discharge the water in the radiator and engine, and also discharge the gas and residual water in the air reservoir to avoid freezing. When you start the engine the next day, you should first do a good job of preheating. Generally speaking, hot water or steam can be used to preheat the engine. When starting the engine, remember not to slam on the accelerator to avoid burning the varactor. Before starting, heat it to about 50 degrees Celsius at idle speed, and it can be started. After starting, slow down with low gear for a period of time, and then speed up after the chassis runs normally. (Nanchang Automobile Maintenance School)

The second is to prevent slipping in winter. When driving on icy and slippery roads, vehicles are prone to skid, and the steering accuracy is often abnormal. If there are ramps, dangerous bridges and narrow roads, we should be particularly cautious and slow down the speed limit. The uphill slope is kept at a constant speed, and the downhill slope is controlled by the engine. When turning, the vehicle has small adhesion and large centrifugal force, so it slows down in advance. If the road surface is particularly slippery, use snow chains. When crossing the intersection, you should slow down in advance to avoid skidding caused by emergency braking, and the distance between the two cars should be increased to more than twice the normal driving distance. When passing, you should choose a wide place to park at 100 meters to 150 meters. (Automobile mechanical repair)

Third, it is necessary to prevent fog. If you can't move forward because of the dense fog (the line of sight is less than three meters), you should stop and avoid it until the fog disappears. The line of sight is within 30 meters, and the speed shall not exceed 20 kilometers per hour. Turn on fog lights, low beam lights and taillights when traveling. When you meet another car, you should whistle first and slow down. It is not allowed to drive in the opposite direction, grab the line or overtake the car driving in the same direction.

Fourth, fire prevention is the external condition and direct cause of all fire accidents. As far as drivers are concerned, man-made fire sources must be controlled. It is forbidden to bake the engine, fuel tank and fuel conduit with blowtorch or charcoal fire; It is forbidden to use lighters, matches and oil lamps to illuminate vehicles; Smoking is not allowed when refueling, and it is strictly forbidden to install electric wire or cigarette lighter in the cab without permission; When the vehicle is parked for maintenance, open fire and welding work shall not be carried out around the vehicle. At the same time, it is not allowed to put the high-voltage wire head into the threaded hole of the spark plug to "burn the cylinder", let alone use the method of "hanging fire" to jump the fire.

In short, it is difficult for drivers to drive in winter, and there are many unfavorable factors, but as long as they tighten the string of "safety first", they will certainly be able to spend the winter safely.

Winter safety knowledge

Just now, I heard a very sad thing.

A fire broke out in a house near the parallel road at 2 o'clock last night. Mother and son were killed in the accident.

The child is less than one year old!

It is said that there was no burn, but the cause of death was inhalation of toxic gas (TV caught fire).

Many people who don't know how to escape and save themselves were killed in many fires!

Here, I found several articles about "three defenses" in winter and recommended them to you.

Seven taboos for family fire prevention in winter

In winter, when families use a lot of fire, electricity and oil to keep warm, it also increases the fire risk. In addition, winter is the season of frequent family fires. How to prevent family fires in this period is very important.

One bogey-avoid using fire in production and life.

In winter, families often use fire for cooking, lighting and heating, mainly for heating in winter, and heating facilities such as air conditioners and stoves are frequently used. A little carelessness can easily lead to a fire; Family fires caused by production are more common in agricultural production. When some rural residents are engaged in agricultural production operations such as burning wasteland, retting manure and flue-cured tobacco, once the burning is out of control, it is easy to cause fires, or even fires.

Two taboos-improper installation and use of electrical equipment and fire caused by household appliances.

Electrical line fire refers to improper use and installation of transmission and distribution lines, including safety devices, switches, sockets, mobile wiring boards and other facilities and equipment. Mainly refers to the electrical circuit short circuit, overload, poor contact and other faults, igniting the surrounding combustibles and causing fires. The first type of household appliances fire is when electric heaters such as electric stoves, electric mattresses, electric heaters, electric irons and electric kettles are used. Due to improper use or quality problems of the electrical appliance itself, the electric heater has been in contact with combustible materials for a long time, or the temperature control device has failed, causing a fire. Fires caused by improper use of electric blankets occur every year. The other is the fire caused by the failure and heating of household appliances such as TV sets, refrigerators and washing machines due to improper use or aging of internal components and circuits of electrical appliances. Therefore, the police reminded everyone that if household appliances fail, they must be repaired in time. Never let electrical appliances work "sick" to avoid fire. In addition, it is equally important to choose a good socket to avoid fire.

Three taboos-smoking

Some residents do not pay attention to fire safety when smoking, such as smoking outdoors, littering cigarette butts, smoking in some fire-forbidden places or smoking in bed on windy days, which can easily lead to fire accidents.

Four Taboos-Children Playing with Fire

Parents often pay insufficient attention to their children's fire prevention education, lack warnings and are interested in their children's kindling. Let some children play open fire games in places with more combustible materials, set off fireworks and firecrackers near combustible materials, and play with fire in houses with matches or lighters, which may cause fire accidents.

Five Taboos —— Improper storage and use of inflammable and explosive dangerous goods

Flammable and explosive dangerous goods often used and stored at home are mainly liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, gas lighters and hair gel mousse. At the same time, with the improvement of living standards, some urban and rural families have bought cars, and many rural residents have also bought vehicles such as agricultural vehicles and trucks to engage in agricultural production or transportation. Therefore, the use and storage of dangerous goods such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel oil have also brought fire hazards to some families.

Six taboos-drying clothes

In order to improve the indoor temperature, some families often use electric heaters, electric stoves and other heating equipment, which consumes a lot of electricity and has a high temperature. Some people are used to drying clothes with it. In fact, this practice is extremely dangerous, not only easy to bake clothes, but also easy to cause fire accidents.

Seven bogeys-air leakage

In order to ensure the temperature of the city in winter, many citizens have sealed the balconies and windows, which directly leads to the fact that the air in the city cannot be exchanged with the outdoor air. Once gas and liquefied gas leak, it will often cause serious consequences. When residents use gas, they should ensure that the gas valve is in the closed position. If gas leakage is found, quickly close the valve and open the doors and windows; Don't panic, don't use open flames. For the safety of you and others, please always pay attention to fire hazards!

Seven taboos for family fire prevention in winter

Monsoon Gao Qian is a high incidence period of fire hazards. Fire experts suggest that the following "seven taboos" should be paid attention to in winter family fire prevention:

Avoid fires caused by household appliance failures. When using electric stove, electric blanket, electric iron, etc. Fire caused by aging and frequent handling of wires must be avoided.

Second, avoid throwing cigarette butts and causing fires. "A cigarette can destroy a building." Don't throw cigarette butts around, especially in places like kitchens where there are many flammable substances.

Third, avoid setting off fireworks and firecrackers to cause fires. When setting off fireworks and firecrackers, we should master the correct discharge method, check and clean up the scene after discharge, and eliminate fire hazards.

Fourth, keep warm without fire. It is forbidden to use flammable items such as gasoline, kerosene and alcohol for ignition in winter. Don't pile up flammable materials around the stove and don't bake clothes with heating equipment.

Five don't burn garbage to cause fire. There may be flammable and explosive substances in garbage, such as liquefied gas residue, glass bottles, firecrackers, waste liquid lighters, etc. Once it burns, it may explode.

Avoid fire caused by gas leakage. Once gas leakage is found, the gas valve and stove switch should be closed immediately, and the doors and windows should be opened. At this time, do not switch any electrical appliances or use the indoor telephone. If you find a gas leak in your neighbor's house, you should immediately knock on the door to inform you. Don't use the doorbell.

Seven bogeys are not equipped with fire fighting equipment. Every family should be equipped with a small fire extinguisher. , every member should master how to use it.

Cold-proof food for babies in winter

When winter comes, you put on a thick cotton-padded jacket for your child, but why is the child still shivering with cold? In fact, wearing more clothes can't keep out the cold. Here's a little trick for you.

There are many reasons for poor cold tolerance, and the lack of the following two trace elements is one of them.

Iodine iodine is an important raw material for the synthesis of thyroxine. Thyroxine can promote protein, carbohydrate and fat in the body to be converted into energy, thus generating body heat and resisting cold. If the body lacks iodine for a long time, the raw materials for synthesizing thyroxine are insufficient, and the body's ability to keep out the cold will also be reduced. Iodine is mainly supplied by iodized salt and food.

Therefore, in order to enhance the child's ability to resist the cold, in addition to ensuring that his food has enough calories, he should also eat more foods rich in iodine, such as kelp, jellyfish, shrimp skin and marine fish.

Iron and iron are important raw materials for hematopoiesis, and red blood cells in blood are responsible for the transport and metabolism of oxygen in the body. In order to convert protein, carbohydrates and fats into heat, we need enough oxygen to "burn" them. If the child's food is iron deficient, it is easy to suffer from iron deficiency anemia; Without the "tools" to transport oxygen, the end result is that the heat production is not enough, and children will easily feel cold.

Therefore, children should eat more iron-rich foods in winter, such as animal liver, beef, fish, eggs, black fungus, jujube, milk and bean products. Can improve children's resistance to cold.

Winter water heater antifreeze

Experts from Shandong Academy of Sciences talk about antifreeze;

Solar water heaters are more and more favored by consumers because of their advantages of safety, energy saving, large water volume, wide use and convenient use. However, in use, due to its outdoor setting, under the influence of low temperature weather in winter, it is especially necessary to pay attention to the antifreeze problem of pipelines. Here are several commonly used anti-freezing methods.

Anti-freezing by dripping: When the temperature drops below -7℃, loosen the hot water valve slightly at night to make it drip slowly to keep the water flowing in the pipeline.

Vent and freeze-proof: After using up water, don't add water that night, and keep the hot water valve open.

Winter antifreeze knowledge

First, the most common frostbite parts: mostly occur in fingers, toes, back of hand, heel, auricle, nose tip, cheeks and so on. These parts are at the end or surface of the body, with slow blood flow, frequent exposure, low local temperature and easy to catch cold.

Second, the most vulnerable time to frostbite:

The temperature at night in winter is very low, often below -8℃, and it is easy to get frostbite when walking at night.

Third, judge the degree of frostbite:

1? Once frostbite, the skin is pale and numb, and then the skin is congested, edematous, itchy and painful.

2? In addition to redness and swelling of the skin, there are blisters of different sizes in second-degree frostbite. After the blisters burst, yellow water flowed out, and the skin felt hot and painful.

3? Third degree frostbite local skin or limb necrosis, bloody blisters, purple-brown skin, local feeling disappeared.

Four, frostbite scene rescue measures:

Principle: Get out of the low temperature environment as soon as possible, and keep warm.

(1) First-degree frostbite allows you to actively move and massage the frostbitten part to promote blood circulation. Soak in hot water (not too hot) and then apply chilblain cream.

(2) Second-degree and third-degree frostbite should be separated from the low temperature environment as soon as possible to keep warm and promote limb rewarming. Do not rub snow, bake or soak in warm water, otherwise it will aggravate frostbite.

(3) The blisters with secondary frostbite can be punctured after disinfection, so that yellow water can flow out and then bandaged. Wound rupture should be regarded as an infected wound.

(4) Drink more hot drinks (ginger syrup, cold granules) and take 2 painkillers to treat pain.

(5) Take off the wet clothes and enter the down sleeping bag to keep warm.

(6) Wash the wound gently with warm water, because the thawed wound is very painful and the skin and muscles may lose consciousness, so be extra careful.

(7) Ensure that the wound is completely dry (including between toes). Use sterile cotton for those with wounds, and clean and soft cotton pads for those without wounds to protect the wounds and keep warm.

Five, frostbite first aid matters needing attention

In the first aid of frostbite, if you can't get warm water for a while, you can put the frostbitten part or frostbitten child in the rescuer's arms or armpit to warm up. Be careful not to bake or heat the soaked hot water directly with fire after frostbite. All frostbitten parts should be heated as slowly as possible to restore normal body temperature. Do not directly massage the affected area with snowballs or forcibly massage with towels, otherwise it will erode the wound and the affected area will not heal easily. The affected area that has been rewarming should not be soaked in warm water, otherwise it will aggravate tissue damage and necrosis.

Six, commonly used drugs:

External use: chilblain cream (1), sterile cotton pad (1), gauze (1), bandage (1).

Oral administration: Ganmao granule, ginger syrup, painkiller tablets and diazepam.

Cold protection and warmth retention of human body in winter.

In winter, the north wind is howling and the chill is pressing. How do we keep the human body warm and cold?

First, wear warm and cold clothes with appropriate thickness. How to scientifically measure the warm keeping ability of clothes? Scientifically designed a clothing index called Clow, 1 Clow is the heat passing through 1 kcal per square meter area/hour, and the temperature difference is 0. 1 8℃. This degree of insulation is equivalent to the thickness of clothes needed by people sitting still when the indoor temperature is 2℃, the wind speed is below 3m/s and the relative humidity is 50%. If 1 Clow needs to wear a fabric with a thickness of 0.64 cm, according to different climatic characteristics in China, the thickness of warm clothes in winter in South China can be less than 1.9cm, 2.3 cm from the Yangtze River to Nanling, 2.9 cm to the north of the Yangtze River, 3.5 cm and 4.2 cm in the south and middle of Northeast China respectively, and the thickness of winter clothes in Heilongjiang and Hu Meng, Inner Mongolia should be above 4.5 cm. When the thickness is constant, pay attention to the density of insulation layer. The test shows that the air thickness between each layer of thermal insulation clothes is 0.5-65438 0.5 cm. There will be some differences in clothes with different textures.

Second, do a good job of keeping warm the parts of the human body that are in direct contact with the air. According to the research, when the temperature is 15℃, the heat emitted by a warm person through his head accounts for 34% of that when his whole body is at rest; When the temperature is 4℃, it accounts for 50%; When the temperature drops to-15℃, it accounts for 75%. It is not difficult to see that wearing a hat in winter can reduce the heat dissipation of the head and also achieve the purpose of keeping the whole body warm. Wear a mask and gloves when the weather is colder. As the saying goes, "Cold starts from the feet." In severe winter, people must also put on cotton shoes and pay attention to keep their feet warm.

Third, wear dark clothes in winter. Research shows that black clothes absorb 88% of solar radiation, military green absorbs 57% and white absorbs 20%. Therefore, dark clothes can make the human body get more heat and keep warm.

Fourth, dry bedding frequently. As we all know, air is a bad conductor of heat, and its heat dissipation coefficient is only 0.027. Therefore, increasing the air volume of bedding is equivalent to improving the ability of keeping warm. Bedding becomes fluffy after drying, which not only increases the air volume, but also increases the thickness. So it always feels warm to cover a dried quilt.

5. Maintain proper temperature and humidity in the living and working environment. For example, the indoor temperature should always be 18℃-20c and the relative humidity should be 50-60%. People should not be in the environment below 10℃ for a long time. In addition, sports activities such as long-distance running in winter can not only enhance physical fitness, but also improve the human body's tolerance to cold.