I'll give you several versions of the introduction, from which you can choose:

1. The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. It was edited by Confucius' disciples and his disciples. The core idea of Confucius' theory is "benevolence", which runs through the Analects of Confucius.

Confucius (552 BC or 55 BC1-479 BC), a famous hill, was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism and the most famous thinker and educator in ancient China.

The arrangement of the chapters of The Analects of Confucius is not necessarily related in content, and each chapter and section is independent. It covers a wide range of fields and records Confucius' comments on philosophy, economy, politics, ethics, aesthetics, literature, music and morality. It is the main document to study Confucius and the Confucianism he founded.

The Analects of Confucius is a record of words and deeds recorded by the disciples of Confucius, an ancient thinker in China and one of the top ten historical celebrities in the world. Written in the early Warring States period. Because Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, only 20 books were taught orally by Lu people, 22 books were taught orally by Qi people, and 2 1 book was found on the wall of Confucius' residence in the Western Han Dynasty. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, yu zhang perfected The Analects of Confucius, and on the basis of The Analects of Lu and The Analects of Qi, he formed another theory called Zhang Houlun. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan wrote Annotations on the Analects of Confucius on the basis of Zhang Houlun, referring to The Analects of Qi and The Ancient Analects, which are now the versions of The Analects. The Analects of Confucius and The Ancient Analects of Confucius soon died out. The Analects of Confucius consists of 20 articles and 492 chapters, of which 444 chapters record what Confucius and his disciples talked about in time, and 48 chapters record what Confucius and his disciples talked about each other.

The Analects of Confucius, as a collection of words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, has a wide range of contents, mostly involving the problems of human social life, which has had a great influence on the psychological quality and moral behavior of the Chinese nation. Until the modern New Culture Movement, it has been a must-read book for beginners in China for more than two thousand years.

After the May 4th Movement, the Analects of Confucius, as a symbol of feudal culture, was listed as the object of criticism and negation. Despite the research and advocacy of Neo-Confucianism, under the background of China's democratic revolution, Confucian culture has not formed a new atmosphere in China. With the development of the times and social progress, people have to choose new ideas and cultures. This is the spread of Marxism in China and the birth and development of a new socialist culture.

2. The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students.

Confucius (55 BC/KLOC-0 BC/-479 BC), named Zhong Ni, was born in the Spring and Autumn Period (now Qufu, Shandong). The founder of Confucianism, the most famous thinker, politician and educator in ancient China, had a far-reaching influence on the development of China's ideology and culture.

Confucius' ancestors were originally nobles in the Song Dynasty, but later they moved to Shandong to avoid the palace disaster. Confucius' father was a warrior, and although he was among the nobles, his status was very low. When Confucius was three years old, his father died and he lived a poor life with his mother. When Confucius was young, he worked as a "appointed official" (managing warehouses) and a "riding farm" (in charge of cattle and sheep husbandry). When Lu was in power, Confucius served as the general manager of Zhongduzai and Dashikou (in charge of justice, alongside Stuart, Sima and Sikong Sanqing). In the twelfth year of Lu (498 BC), Confucius was "photographed at Dashikou". Introduction to Ma Rong Confucius left Shandong to travel around the world because of disagreement with his uncle and teacher, hoping to realize his political ambitions in other countries. He has been to Wei, Song, Chen, Cai, Chu and other countries and has not been reused. Returning to Shandong in his later years, he concentrated on giving lectures and sorting out ancient documents. He edited The Book of Songs and Shangshu, and edited it according to Chunqiu recorded by Lu historians, making it the first chronological history book in China. Confucius gave lectures, with as many as 3,000 students, including 72 famous teachers.

The Analects of Confucius was written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was recorded by Confucius' students and their retranslators. By the Han Dynasty, there were three editions of The Analects of Confucius (20), The Analects of Confucius (22) and The Analects of Classical Chinese (2 1). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan compiled and annotated a new book based on The Analects of Lu with reference to The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Ancient Chinese. After Zheng Xuan's annotations were circulated, The Analects of Confucius and The Analects of China Ancient Literature gradually disappeared. The later editions of The Analects of Confucius mainly include: The Analects of Confucius by Wei in the Three Kingdoms Period, On Shu Shu by Liang Huang Kan in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, The Analects of Confucius by Zhu, The Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan in the Qing Dynasty, etc.

The Analects of Confucius covers many aspects such as philosophy, politics, economy, education, literature and art, and is the most important classic of Confucianism. In terms of expression, The Analects of Confucius is a model for recording prose, with concise language and vivid images. In terms of arrangement, The Analects has no strict compiling style, each article is a chapter, and each chapter is a chapter. Articles and chapters are not closely related, but are roughly classified and repeated chapters appear.

3. The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, and it is one of the important Confucian classics. The assembly work was completed by Confucius disciples and disciples.

The origin of the name of The Analects of Confucius, Ban Gu's History of Literature and Art said: "As for The Analects of Confucius, when Confucius responded to his disciples, people talked to each other and heard Confucius' words. All the disciples at that time had their own notes. Because the master was a pawn and the disciples compiled it, it was called The Analects. " This statement is generally credible. The original records came from many people, and finally they were sorted out to the early Warring States period, mainly people who had participated in the war.

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There are currently 20 Analects of Confucius, the contents of which are mainly ethics and education. The Analects of Confucius was circulated in different books such as The Analects of Lu, The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Gu in the Han Dynasty, and was later unified in Zheng Xuan. The existing old annotations include Yan's Annotation to the Analects of Confucius, Annotation to the Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan in Qing Dynasty, and the annotation to the Analects of Confucius by Yang Bojun today.

Four. Introduction to The Analects of Confucius

The Analects of Confucius is an important classic of China's ancient Confucianism, and it is a recorded work of Confucius' disciples and later scholars describing Confucius' words and deeds. This book was finally set in the early Warring States period. Because of its popularity, it is difficult to determine the specific author, but it is the most concentrated record of Confucius' thought.

Confucius (552 BC or 55 BC1-479 BC), a famous hill, was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism and the most famous thinker and educator in ancient China.

Confucius was originally a member of Shang Dynasty. His predecessor was a minister in the Song Dynasty, and later he was transferred to Shandong. When Confucius was born, his family was in decline, but he received a good aristocratic education in his early years and was very familiar with traditional arts such as ceremony, music, shooting, imperial art, calligraphy and mathematics. Confucius is very clever, very modest and studious, so his knowledge is improving day by day. By the age of 30, he was famous for his erudition and began to recruit disciples to teach ancient cultural classics such as poems, books, rituals and music. On the one hand, he systematically summarized the cultural and ideological materials of his predecessors, and at the same time, combined with the turbulent social situation in the late Spring and Autumn Period, he put forward his own views on a series of ethical and social and political issues, thus establishing the Confucian School.

In his early years, Confucius served as a small official in charge of warehousing, cattle and sheep under Ji, the ruler of Lu, and was able to do his duty. Because of the civil strife in Lu, he once lived in Qi. After that, he returned to Lu to give lectures, with 3000 disciples. After the age of 50, he was entrusted with an official position by the king of Lu, making him a shepherd and in charge of the judicial work of Lu. He hoped to strengthen the authority of the monarch and weaken the power of the great doctor, and was forced to abandon his official position and leave Lu. The term of this official is not more than five years. Since then, in order to publicize his political ideals, Confucius has been to Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Chu and other vassal States, and stayed in Wei and Chen for a long time. However, he never got the opportunity to participate in the political activities of various countries, nor did he find a wise monarch to realize his political views. He usually only gets support and medals, and he is often treated coldly and persecuted. During this period, Confucius persistently studied and educated, and discussed with his disciples many important issues of life and society, leaving many famous remarks. In 484 BC, after about 14 years of wandering, Confucius finally returned to Shandong and devoted the rest of his life to the cause of culture and education. While continuing to give lectures, he sorted out cultural classics, edited six ancient books, such as Poetry, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chunqiu, and compiled the final textbooks. Confucius received a high courtesy in Shandong in his later years, but he was still not really reused. Kong Li, the only son, and his two important disciples, Yan Yuan and Luz, both died in front of him. In 479 BC, Confucius died of illness at home. Lu Aigong specially wrote a eulogy about Ma Rong, and his disciples held a grand funeral for Confucius and kept filial piety for three years.

The core concept of Confucius' ideological system is "benevolence". The simplest expression of "benevolence" is "love", that is, respect and sympathy for people Confucius believes that if a person wants to reach the standard of "benevolence", he must "self-denial and return to courtesy" and improve his moral level through self-discipline and restraint, so as to meet the requirements of courtesy. He said: "A benevolent person wants to be a man, and he wants to be a man." That is to say: I want to be self-reliant in society and spend my career smoothly, and I also want to help others do so. Confucius' students summarized his way of life as "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", which embodies a humanistic spirit of mutual concern and equal treatment. Generally speaking, Confucius regards "benevolence" as the highest standard of morality, and it is also the totality of morality. Confucius also mentioned many other moral names, such as loyalty, filial piety, righteousness, faithfulness, honesty and frugality. But in his view, these local things can achieve one or several things, which is worthy of recognition, but not "benevolence". The concept of "benevolence" appeared in The Analects of Confucius 100 times, which is the key to understanding Confucius' thought.

Confucius carried out the ethical and moral thought with "benevolence" as the core into the political field and put forward the theory of "benevolent governance". He hoped that the rulers would "save money and love others, and make the people take advantage of the situation", opposed excessive exploitation and oppression of the people, and put forward the idea of enriching the people and benefiting the people. He also hoped that the rulers would "govern the country by virtue" and opposed the blind use of harsh laws. Instead, we should first demand ourselves with strict moral standards, set an example and do a good job in political work through moral influence. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the ceremony collapsed and the society was in an era of great change. Confucius was dissatisfied with the social changes at that time and hoped to restore the ritual and music politics of the Western Zhou Dynasty. But at the same time, he dares to admit that the social and political system will gain and lose with the changes of the times and make partial amendments or improvements.

In the view of heaven, Confucius did not deny the existence of ghosts and gods, but he was skeptical about ghosts and gods and advocated "staying away from ghosts and gods". Compared with destiny, Confucius paid more attention to personnel, emphasized people's subjective efforts, and gave priority to discussing and solving practical problems in the world. Generally speaking, Confucius respected reason and denied superstition, which had a great influence on the thoughts and spirits of China people for thousands of years.

Compared with his political career, Confucius made greater achievements in the field of education all his life. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, learning was in the government, and cultural knowledge was monopolized by nobles. Confucius initiated private lectures, widely enrolled students for the society, and cultivated political talents by imparting cultural knowledge, which had a great influence on later history.

It is said that Confucius has 3,000 disciples, 72 of whom are proficient in six arts. After the death of Confucius, these people continued to travel to various vassal States, which promoted the transition of the political system from aristocratic system to bureaucratic system. At the same time, they developed Confucius' thoughts from different aspects and spread classical literature, which created conditions for the formation of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended during the Warring States period. Through forty or fifty years' teaching practice, Confucius, on the one hand, has taught many excellent students and made the world full of peaches and plums, on the other hand, he has also summed up many important educational experiences. On the object of education, Confucius advocated "teaching without class" and pointed out that human nature can be educated. In teaching methods, he proposed "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", attaching importance to heuristic education and cultivating students' learning consciousness and independent thinking ability. Confucius had many incisive expositions on the source, attitude and means of knowledge.

As the first-hand material to study Confucius' thoughts, the importance of The Analects is self-evident. But Confucius didn't write it himself, but his students sorted it out according to notes and memories after Confucius died. Among them, I mainly recorded the words and deeds of Confucius, and also recorded the words and deeds of some students of Confucius. Ban Gu's History of Hanshu Arts and Literature generally says: "As for The Analects of Confucius, Confucius responded to the words of his disciples, contemporaries and disciples and heard what Confucius said. At that time, the disciples had their own records. The master was a pawn and the master compiled it, so it was called The Analects. " Ban Gu believes that "Lun" in The Analects means compiling, "Yu" means language, and "The Analects" means compiling "from the language of a master" into a book. Later, there were some different views on the significance of naming the Analects. Today, it seems that Ban Gu's words are more appropriate.

The style of The Analects of Confucius is not rigorous, which is determined by the compilation characteristics of the record style. Generally speaking, an article is a chapter and a collection of chapters. The book consists of 20 chapters, about 500 chapters. Each chapter is not closely related, but it is similar. The whole title is two words taken from the first sentence of the first chapter. The whole book is about1.2000 words, with an average of about 24 words per chapter. The shortest chapter is less than 10 words, and the longest chapter is more than 300 words.

Throughout the book, the way of discussion is not complete and systematic, and the feelings are scattered. On the other hand, however, The Analects also shows the unique power of the recorded works. The language is implicit and meaningful, and the story is concise and vivid, which can often reflect the ideological depth that some long expositions can't express, and reflect the character and environmental interest that some long expositions can't. At the same time, the flexible compilation form of The Analects actually greatly increases the content of the book, reflecting Confucius' thoughts, personality, talents, interests, living environment and background of the times from many directions and angles, which is conducive to readers' comprehensive and accurate understanding of Confucius and his thoughts. No matter from the ideological value or artistic charm, The Analects of Confucius is a must-read.

There is no clear record about the compilation date of The Analects of Confucius in historical materials, which can only be inferred by studying the original text. This edition of The Analects is short in length, but many chapters overlap with each other. Some words are exactly the same, some add or subtract, and some are slightly different but have the same meaning. Only one conclusion can be drawn: Confucius' remarks were recorded by all the disciples at that time and then compiled into a book, so they were repeatedly quoted.

In other words: The Analects of Confucius was not compiled by one person. Further analysis shows that some chapters in The Analects were written by Confucius' disciples, while others were handed down by his disciples, including students of Zeng Shen, Zhang Zi, Xia Zi and Min Ziqian. Starting from Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, many people think that students participated in the final processing of The Analects into a book, which is generally acceptable. Because Zeng Shen is the youngest student of Confucius, the latest material in The Analects of Confucius is a passage that Zeng Shen said to Dr. Meng of Lu before he died. In addition, the Analects of Confucius mentioned that Zeng Shen was honored as a "son", and there were more notes about Zeng Shen than other disciples of Confucius. Inferring from the life years of Zeng Shen and Meng, the last Analects of Confucius was written in the early Warring States period, about 400 BC.

The Analects of Confucius spread to the Han Dynasty, and there were three different versions. The Analects of Confucius was handed down by Lu people, with a total of 20 articles, and the content of the Analects we see today depends on it. The Analects of Confucius was handed down by the Qi people, with a total of 22 articles, two more than the Analects of Lu: ask the monarch and know. The Analects of Confucius was discovered in the wall of Confucius' former residence in Qufu at the end of the Han Dynasty, with 2 1 articles, and its content is basically the same as that of The Analects, except for a paragraph in Yao Yue, the last article of The Analects of Confucius. Except for the number of articles, these three kinds of books are different in chapter number, text and explanation. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Minister Zhang Yuxian studied The Analects of Confucius and Qi. He chose goodness and edited one version with the theme of The Analects of Confucius from two versions. Zhang Yushi became emperor from Han Dynasty, and was later named An Changhou, so his revised edition quickly became popular all over the world and was called "Zhang Houlun". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a famous scholar, annotated The Analects of Confucius with reference to The Analects of Confucius and The Ancient Analects of Confucius on the basis of Zhang Hou's theory, and preserved some information about the similarities and differences between the versions of The Analects of Confucius in the Han Dynasty. Zheng Xuan's Notes have been lost today, and manuscripts of the Tang Dynasty have been unearthed in Dunhuang, Gansu and Xinjiang. Annotation of Han and Wei Dynasties was compiled by people in the Three Kingdoms period, and it is the earliest complete annotation seen at present.

After the Han Dynasty, there were more and more books on the annotation and research of The Analects. According to Yang Bojun's estimation, there may be as many as 3,000 research works on The Analects of Confucius in past dynasties. Among them, some representative works are "Collection of Interpretation" and Liang's "On the Interpretation of Justice in the Southern Dynasties", which bring together new interpretations of Confucianism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. This book died out after the Tang Dynasty and was not returned to the contemporary world by Japan until the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xing Bing wrote Shu on the basis of reconciliation with Ji Jie, and this method was adopted in compiling Annotations on Thirteen Classics in the Qing Dynasty. The Analects of Confucius written by Zhu in Southern Song Dynasty is different from Confucianism in Han and Tang Dynasties in research methods, and it is the representative work of The Analects of Confucius written by Song Ruzhi, which has influenced Yuan and Ming Dynasties for hundreds of years. Textual research rose in the Qing Dynasty, and Liu Baonan's The Analects of Justice concentrated the collation research results of The Analects of Confucius in the Qing Dynasty, which was of high academic value and was collected by Shanghai World Bookstore in the 1930s. Close to the Analects of Confucius by Cheng Shude and the Analects of Confucius by Yang Shuda, it is of great reference value for further textual research on the Analects of Confucius. Qian Mu's New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius and Yang Bojun's Annotations on the Analects of Confucius tried to popularize the Analects of Confucius earlier, with concise annotations, translations in vernacular and content annotations, which can provide reference for ordinary readers to read the Analects of Confucius.

The Analects of Confucius is a bright pearl in human cultural heritage. In the past 2500 years, The Analects of Confucius is probably the most read and familiar book in the world. Now, mankind has finally entered a new century. But how to face the hole left by robbers in the 20th century? As early as 1988, 75 Nobel Prize winners issued a declaration in Paris: "If human beings want to survive in 2 1 century, they must go back to 2500 to learn the wisdom of Confucius."

The Analects of Confucius is a conversation between Confucius and his disciples. Talk is discussion, talk is informing, and people are enlightened. The Analects of Confucius compiled the main viewpoints of Confucius, such as political viewpoint, educational viewpoint and economic thought. Confucius' comments on some people and things have also been compiled.

The Analects of Confucius consists of 20 chapters and 493 chapters. Most of the records were made by Confucius after answering his disciples' questions. Some did not ask, but recorded Confucius' remarks. Some of them answered the questions of princes and people from all walks of life, and some answered the questions of Confucius disciples.

Zhao Pu, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, said, "Half of the Analects of Confucius governs the world".