First, there is no class in teaching.
That is, everyone has the right to education, and everyone should be educated. The rich and the poor should not be treated differently, and the family status should be equal. At the same time, regardless of good or bad conduct and habits, all people are equally educated.
Confucius' education is open to the whole society. Facing how to choose students, Confucius adopted the concept of "teaching without class". In his own words, it is "self-restraint, no regrets." ("The Analects of Confucius"). I took the initiative to bring a bunch of dried meat to see me, but I didn't teach him. In other words, Confucius chose his disciples regardless of wealth or family background. I will teach you as long as you study hard. At the same time, no matter whether your moral character is good or not, as long as you worship at my door, I will inspire and guide you with "benevolence" and "love". Therefore, among Confucius' disciples, some are dozens of years younger than him, and some are only years older than Luz Xiao Jiu.
Second, never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.
In other words, for educators, they must not be satisfied with learning, but should establish the concept of lifelong learning. Second, we should tirelessly and seriously educate others so that the educated can receive knowledge smoothly.
Confucius believes that "learning" and "teaching" are a long-term edification process. In this process, students and teachers are required not to relax. As he said, "I study silently, never tire of learning and never tire of teaching, which is not good!" " That is, "write down what I have learned silently, persist in learning and teach others not to get tired." What have I done? " This is Confucius' self-reflection. As an educator, I am constantly learning and improving while imparting knowledge. In learning: first, Confucius reflects on himself every day. Have you mastered all the knowledge you learned today? Second, Confucius has the thought of diligent study. That is, "I was not born to know, so ancient, I want it." (The Analects of Confucius) That is to say, "I am not a person born with knowledge, but a person who likes ancient books and studies hard." In teaching, Confucius also practiced and taught students knowledge meticulously.
Third, comprehensive education.
That is "quality education" now. Confucius believes that the purpose of education is to shape a person's talents and conduct in an all-round way, rather than let it develop unilaterally. You can't just learn one skill.
In Confucius' view, the content of education should be extensive and comprehensive, not limited to one aspect, and students should be allowed to learn all kinds of content extensively and comprehensively. Confucius said, "Zi teaches four things: writing, action, loyalty and faith." (The Analects of Confucius × Learning) that is, "Confucius educated students in four aspects: knowledge and virtue." We should not only attach importance to the study of knowledge, but also shape noble character. For the study of knowledge, Confucius taught students manners, music, shooting, restraint, writing and counting, which are called "six arts". As for the shaping of moral character, Confucius attached great importance to it. He said: "Take Tao as the purpose and rely on morality." In other words, a person should be determined to seek Tao and be moral-oriented. Therefore, the educational content of Confucius is all-encompassing. If we look at Confucius' educational thought today, it is the "quality education" that is being implemented now. "Six Arts" is the content of quality education now.
Fourth, teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
That is, from the actual situation of the educated, according to their intelligence level and personality differences, carry out targeted education.
Confucius noticed the difference in IQ when educating his disciples. People have certain plasticity and can be influenced by knowledge the day after tomorrow. Educators can't ignore the objective differences of people's natural endowments and act arbitrarily, otherwise they will get twice the result with half the effort. Confucius can fully and carefully consider the characteristics of each student, and in the process of guiding them to learn, let nature take its course to make them reflect personalized growth. In the words of Confucius, it is "higher than people, but also oral; Under China people, you can't speak orally. " ("The Analects of Confucius × Yongye") means "People with above average talent can talk with him about profound knowledge; People with below-average talent should not talk about profound knowledge. "In actual teaching, Confucius followed this educational thought and adopted different educational methods for each disciple.
Fifth, pay equal attention to learning and thinking.
That is, Confucius pays attention to inspiring students to think independently first and cultivating students' ability to draw inferences from others. At the same time, it emphasizes the importance of learning, thus combining "learning" with "thinking".
When Confucius educated his disciples, he paid attention to inspiring students to be good at thinking. He should first think about what the teacher taught and form his own experience. In his own words, "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is lazy." ("The Analects of Confucius, Political Essays") that is, "If you only read and don't think deeply, you are at a loss; Just dreaming without reading will lead to doubts. " At this point, Confucius paid attention to let students combine "learning" and "thinking" closely in teaching, that is, let them acquire knowledge and feel something. In addition, Confucius is also very good at using heuristic teaching. As he said, "If you don't get angry, you won't get angry. If you don't get angry, you won't get it back." (Analects of Confucius) that is, "teach students, not enlighten them until they are puzzled;" Don't inspire him until he wants to say it but can't say it. If he can't recommend the other three questions to one question, then don't teach him any more. " Although there are only a few words in Confucius' heuristic teaching, it not only vividly shows the whole process of teaching, but also profoundly reveals two contradictory psychological states, or two different thinking contradictions, which will appear in turn when encountering problems in the learning process, and the correct handling methods of these two contradictions. Confucius' heuristic method is student-centered, which allows students to take the initiative from beginning to end in the learning process, ask questions and think independently, and let students take the initiative to discover and explore. The teacher's role is only to guide and promote. Confucius' heuristic teaching has a very deep foundation in cognitive psychology and accords with students' cognitive laws. At the same time, it also shows that Confucius noticed that the accumulation of knowledge and the leap from quantitative change to qualitative change took some time and just the right teaching. Confucius held a democratic, equal and appreciative attitude towards his disciples.