First, the new democratic education policy.
After the founding of New China and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the main tasks facing China are to continue to completely complete the democratic revolution, consolidate the people's democratic dictatorship, restore the national economy, and prepare conditions for China's socialist transformation and planned economic construction. Therefore, in the fifth chapter of the Common Program of China People's Political Consultative Conference, it is clearly stipulated that the nature and task of education in new China is: "The cultural education in People's Republic of China (PRC) is new-democratic, that is, national, scientific and popular. The main tasks of the cultural and educational work of the people's government should be to improve the people's cultural level, train talents for national construction, eliminate feudal, comprador and fascist ideas and develop the idea of serving the people. " It points out the educational methods and the steps to transform the old education, and emphasizes: "People's Republic of China (PRC)'s educational methods are the consistency of theory and practice. The people's government should reform the old education system, education content and education methods in a planned and step-by-step manner. " "Carry out universal education step by step and in a planned way, strengthen secondary and higher education, attach importance to technical education, strengthen the amateur education of workers and the education of on-the-job cadres, and carry out revolutionary political education for young intellectuals and old intellectuals to meet the extensive needs of revolutionary work and national construction. "
At the same time, the common program also stipulates the national moral standards: "It is the public morality of all citizens in People's Republic of China (PRC) to advocate loving the motherland, people, labor, science and common property". This is undoubtedly of great significance for cultivating new people needed by the new society.
Since then, the Ministry of Education has held a series of educational conferences and adopted a series of draft documents in accordance with the educational policy defined in the Common Program, that is, the educational policy of new democracy, which further clarified the educational tasks of schools at all levels. For example, 1951March19 to March 3 1 Sunday, the Central Ministry of Education held a national conference on secondary education in Beijing, focusing on the problems existing in ordinary middle schools. It is pointed out that the school-running purpose and educational objectives of ordinary middle schools must conform to the principle of all-round development, so that the younger generation can develop in an all-round way in intellectual education, moral education, physical education and aesthetic education and become conscious and active members of the new democratic society. The meeting discussed and adopted four draft documents, including the Provisional Regulations on Middle Schools, and discussed the curriculum standards (drafts) of mathematics, physics and chemistry in middle schools. Therefore, the implementation of the principles and policies of new democratic education in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China not only prepared the necessary conditions for the formulation and promulgation of the new academic system, but also pointed out the correct direction for the construction of schools at all levels and the determination of educational tasks. At the same time, it also laid a good foundation for the formulation of college physics teaching syllabus and the compilation of teaching materials, and put forward clear goals.
Second, the socialist education policy.
From 65438 to 0956, after the socialist transformation of the ownership of the means of production in China was basically completed, the issue of how to comprehensively develop socialist construction was put on the agenda of the party and the state. In this situation, in February of 1957, Mao Zedong summed up the educational experience of the proletariat at home and abroad, and put forward in "On Correctly Handling Contradictions among the People" that "our educational policy should enable the educated to develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way and become educated laborers with socialist consciousness".
It is worth pointing out that Mao Zedong's training objectives not only have distinct characteristics of the times, but also have strong pertinence. At that time, it was mainly aimed at the following three problems that have become more and more clear and prominent in education since 1953, socialist transformation and large-scale economic construction:
While emphasizing the study of cultural and scientific knowledge, intellectuals and young students tend to ignore politics. To some people, it seems that Marxism was popular for a while, but it is not so popular now. As a popular saying at that time: "Learn mathematics and physics well, and you are not afraid to travel all over the world." This is one of the obvious reflections of this prejudice. Mao Zedong is very concerned about this issue, so he puts moral education and socialist consciousness in an important position, which conforms to the basic principles of Marxism–Leninism and the characteristics of socialist education, and also applies to the whole socialist construction period.
Second, with the development of education, there are more and more primary and secondary school students, and the country's economic conditions are limited, so it is impossible for all primary and secondary school graduates to be promoted to a higher level school. A large number of primary and middle school students, especially junior and senior high school graduates, have to take part in productive labor and go out into the society to become farmers, workers and manual laborers. This is not a temporary phenomenon, but a problem that will be encountered throughout the socialist construction period. However, due to the neglect of this problem in education, the failure to pay close attention to productive labor education, and the failure to overcome the remnants of the old idea of belittling manual labor, a very unsuitable situation has emerged. There is also a tendency to simply pursue the rate of school enrollment. At the same time, some young people have some unrealistic ideas that everything will be fine when socialism comes. They didn't see that the establishment of the socialist system only opened up a road to the ideal, and the realization of the ideal realm depends on our efforts. Some college students and graduates also feel that they are overqualified in industrial and agricultural production, unwilling to go to the front line of production and unable to closely integrate with workers and peasants. If this problem is not solved well, it will affect the industrial and agricultural production of the country, whether millions of primary and secondary school students can better participate in socialist construction and the stability of the country and society. This is a big problem that concerns the overall situation. Therefore, when Mao Zedong clearly put forward the training objectives, he particularly emphasized the need to train educated workers with socialist consciousness. Bringing the training of laborers into the educational goal embodies the basic requirements of the socialist revolution and socialist construction for the new generation. Of course, the laborers mentioned here,
, refers to the combination of body and brain workers.
Third, students' academic burden is too heavy, which affects their all-round physical and mental development and their study and work. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong was very concerned about students' physical and mental health. In June 1953, the three requirements of "keeping young people healthy, studying well and working well" were put forward. Therefore, Mao Zedong particularly emphasized that the educated should develop in moral education, intellectual education and physical education.
In addition, the training goal of "all-round development" put forward in the early days of liberation in China is actually to apply the slogan put forward in the early days of the October Revolution in the Soviet Union. After China entered the socialist period, especially after Mao Zedong criticized the dogmatic tendency of copying the experience of the Soviet Union without combining with China's reality, the educational circles started a debate on the issue of "all-round development". At that time, many cadres of the Ministry of Education took part in the debate. At that time, the leaders of the Ministry of Education did not have a clear understanding of the training objectives. Therefore, Mao Zedong used the accurate formulation of "moral education, intellectual education and physical education" to replace the widely circulated formulation in the past, which is convenient for the education sector to clarify the training objectives of socialist education.
The training goal of socialist education put forward by Mao Zedong is a great contribution to Marxist educational theory.
1958 In September, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Instruction on Education, which clearly and systematically put forward the education policy of the party and the state, namely, "the party's education policy is that education serves proletarian politics and education is combined with productive labor; In order to realize this policy, education must be led by the party. " In this way, in the socialist period, the direction of education work will be clear.
Since then, under the guidance of the Party's educational policy, schools at all levels and types have also carried out various educational reforms, such as setting up factories in schools, carrying out work-study programs and work-study programs, combining teaching, productive labor and scientific research in colleges and universities, engaging in graduation project with real swords and spears, engaging in graduation thesis with scientific research, and reforming the academic system, curriculum, teaching materials and teaching methods of primary and secondary schools, all of which are experiments to create China characteristics.
However, a period after the Party's educational policy was put forward, many "Left" shortcomings and mistakes appeared in the whole educational work. On the one hand, it is due to one-sided understanding. For example, in order to serve proletarian politics, it is understood that students are allowed to participate in political activities more, and in order to combine with productive labor, students are allowed to participate in productive labor more, which affects and disrupts the normal teaching order in schools and seriously weakens the education of cultural and scientific knowledge. On the other hand, what is more prominent is the expansion of the anti-rightist struggle in 1957, the so-called "Great Leap Forward in Education" in 1958, and the "white flag" in colleges and universities, which made the development of education tortuous and the quality of education once fell sharply. It was not until the second half of 1960 that the CPC Central Committee gradually realized the problems in its work and began to correct the "Left" errors. 1June, 960 to1June,1June, education carried out the eight-character policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement", and summed up experiences and lessons. 196 1 September, the Provisional Regulations on the Work of Colleges and Universities Directly under the Ministry of Education (discussed and passed by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau) was officially issued for trial implementation. At the same time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Bill on Temporary Work in Full-time Middle Schools and the Bill on Temporary Work in Full-time Primary Schools, which put education back on the road of healthy development.
Third, the distortion and deformation of socialist education policy.
From1May 1966 to1June 1976, an "unprecedented" cultural revolution took place in China, which also brought China into a turbulent period. During this period, although "our educational policy should make the educated develop morally, intellectually and physically, and become educated laborers with socialist consciousness" was written into the Instruction, it was actually completely distorted and tampered with by Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, which led to a complete deviation from this educational goal and caused great damage to the cause of socialist education.
During the "Cultural Revolution", Mao Zedong's "May 7th Instruction" and "July 21st Instruction" directly served as the educational work program.
1. Instructions of May 7th. The so-called "May 7th" instruction means that Mao Zedong wrote a letter to Lin Biao on May 7th, 1966. "The same is true of students. They focus on learning and learn something else, that is, they should not only learn literature, but also learn industry, agriculture, the army and criticize the bourgeoisie. The educational system should be shortened, education should be revolutionized, and the phenomenon of bourgeois intellectuals ruling our school can no longer continue. " Later, Lin Biao and the Gang of Four launched a "great criticism" and a "sweeping away all kinds of ghosts and gods" movement by stopping the phenomenon that bourgeois intellectuals ruled our school. /kloc-The educational system, curriculum, educational content, educational methods and examination methods established in the past 0/7 years have all been labeled as "closed, subsidized and repaired" and completely denied. Many cadres and teachers in the school are regarded as "ghosts", which disturbs the educational thought, leads the educational work astray, and causes the chaotic situation of the "suspension of classes revolution".
2. "July 2 1 day" instruction. The so-called "July 21"instruction refers to a passage written by Mao Zedong in the press release of People's Daily about the way for Shanghai Machine Tool Plant to train engineering and technical personnel: "Universities still need to be run. What I'm mainly saying here is that the Polytechnic University is still to be established, but the educational system should be shortened, education should be revolutionary, proletarian politics should take the lead, and Shanghai Machine Tool Works should take the road of training technicians from workers. It is necessary to select students from workers and peasants with practical experience, study for several years, and then return to production practice. " Because this passage was published in the broadcast of July 2 1 65438, it was later called "July 2 1 day" instruction. The final result of carrying out this instruction is the famous Minutes of the National Education Work Conference. To sum up, this poison is the most extensive and dangerous.
What is harmful is the so-called "two estimates", that is, "Chairman Mao's proletarian education line has basically not been implemented", the education front "the bourgeoisie specializes in proletarian politics", and most teachers and college students trained after liberation "have a bourgeois world outlook" and are "bourgeois intellectuals". These two articles are estimated to have become two sticks of the Gang of Four to suppress educators and intellectuals for a long time. It also greatly destroyed the cause of physics education in China.