Basic knowledge of educational psychology 1
1. What are education, pedagogy and school education? According to the definition, education can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense.
Education in a broad sense refers to all activities that improve people's knowledge, skills and physical health and influence people's ideas.
Education in a broad sense includes family education, social education and school education.
Education in a narrow sense mainly refers to school education, which is an activity for educators to exert influence on the body and mind of the educated purposefully, planned and organized according to certain social requirements, and to cultivate them into people needed by a certain society or class.
Pedagogy is a science that studies educational phenomena and problems and reveals educational laws.
2. What are the elements of school education? Briefly describe the position of each component in educational activities.
School education includes three basic elements: educators, educatees and educational influences.
Educators are people engaged in school education activities, and teachers are the main body and direct educators of school educators, playing a leading role in the education process.
An educated person is an educated person. He should not only be transformed and shaped by educators, but also transform and shape himself.
Educational influence is the sum of educational content, educational methods and educational means, and it is the intermediary of interaction between educators and educatees.
3. What is the school education system? Briefly describe the basic types of school education system.
The school education system, referred to as "academic system" for short, is a system of school education at all levels in a country, which stipulates the nature, tasks, admission conditions, study years and the relationship between them.
Basic types: dual-track system, single-track system and feeder system.
1902 "Renyin Academic System", the first modern academic system; 1904 "guimao academic system" is the first formal academic system; 1922 "Ren Xu" school system is planned to be "633" school system.
4. Try to describe the development trend of modern school education system.
(1) Strengthen preschool education and attach importance to the connection with primary education; (2) Strengthen the popularization of compulsory education and extend the period of compulsory education; (3) General education and vocational education are developing in the direction of mutual penetration; (4) The types of higher education are increasingly diversified; (5) The boundary between academic education and non-academic education is gradually weakening; (6) The education system is conducive to international exchanges.
5. Why do teachers play a leading role in the education process? First, teachers shoulder the heavy responsibility of inheriting human civilization and promoting social development; Second, teachers have received special vocational training; Third, teenagers are in a period of rapid physical and mental development.
6. What are the historical development periods of education? What are the characteristics of education in different periods? It is divided into primitive education, ancient school education, modern school education and lifelong education in a learning society.
Characteristics of primitive education: (1) Education is carried out in productive labor and social life.
(2) Education has no class nature.
(3) The educational content is simple and the educational method is single.
The characteristics of ancient school education are: (1) education is divorced from productive labor; (2) Education is class and hierarchical; (3) Educational content focuses on humanistic knowledge, and teaching methods tend to be self-study, discrimination and rote learning.
The characteristics of modern school education: (1) the combination of education and productive labor; (2) Education is open to all members of society; (3) The scientific level and education level are improving day by day.
Characteristics of lifelong education in a learning society: (1) All members of society are constantly learning all their lives; (2) Society can provide appropriate education for every member of society.
7. What measures did the bourgeoisie take to establish a national education system? (1) The state establishes a public education system and strengthens the control of education; (2) Universal implementation of compulsory education; (3) Attach importance to education legislation and administer education according to law.
8. Try to describe the trend of education reform in the world.
Lifelong education, popularization of education, democratization of education, diversification of education and modernization of educational technology.
9. Briefly describe the main ideas and representative works of ancient educational thinkers.
Mencius was the first to associate "teaching" with "teaching".
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, a typical official school system with the integration of politics and religion was established, which was divided into "national studies" and "rural studies" and formed six arts (ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics).
1905 abolished the imperial examination; "Taking monks as teachers" and "taking officials as teachers" have become a major feature of ancient Egyptian education. Education in ancient India was controlled by Brahmanism and Buddhism. Brahman divides people into four grades: Brahman, Khrushchev, Veda and sudra.
Western Europe in the Middle Ages was divided into monastery schools, archbishop schools and parish schools, including theology and seven arts (grammar, revision, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music).
Confucius advocated "teaching without class" and hoped to cultivate people into "saints" and "gentlemen". The basic subjects taught by Confucius are poetry, calligraphy, etiquette, music, the Book of Changes, and the Spring and Autumn Period. It emphasizes "applying what you have learned" and puts forward that teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, inspiring and inducing them, paying equal attention to learning and thinking, giving consideration to learning and doing, and combining learning with dating. At the end of the Warring States period, Xueji, the earliest book devoted to education in China, put forward that teaching should learn from each other's strong points, inspire and induce, be good at recovering losses step by step, replenish resources, be strict with teachers' morality, respect morality and attach importance to teaching; Socrates' "midwifery" is a method of discussion and debate between teachers and students, which lays the foundation for heuristic teaching. Plato's educational thoughts are all embodied in his masterpiece The Republic, which constructs a relatively systematic educational system and provides a prototype for modern resource-sharing education. Aristotle, an encyclopedic philosopher in ancient Greece, put forward the view that "education follows nature", and advocated that children should be educated in stages according to the law of children's psychological development, and that children should be educated harmoniously; Quintilian is the first educator who specializes in education in the west, and his Principles of Eloquence is the first educational monograph in the west.
He advocates that educators should understand children's talents, tendencies and talents and follow children's characteristics to carry out education.
He attaches importance to the role of teachers and thinks that teachers are the key to the success or failure of education.
10. Briefly describe the representatives of modern educational thinkers and their major contributions.
Bacon in Britain first proposed that pedagogy is an independent discipline; Comenius, a famous educator in Czech Republic, is the first person to make pedagogy embark on the road of independent development.
His contributions mainly include putting forward the idea that education should conform to nature and emphasizing that education should follow the law of human natural development; Put forward the idea of "universal wisdom", demonstrate the natural rationality of popularizing compulsory education, and advocate teaching all knowledge to all people; A series of teaching principles such as intuition, systematicness, ability, consolidation and consciousness are put forward and demonstrated. The concept of academic year system is put forward, and the class teaching system is discussed theoretically.
Rousseau put forward the idea of nature and free education in Emile.
Pestalozzi, a Swiss civilian educator, believes that the purpose of education is to develop all children's natural talents in an all-round and harmonious way according to the laws of nature, and the primary responsibility of education is to shape a complete person with personality characteristics.
Locke, a British philosopher, put forward the "Whiteboard Theory", and Random Talk on Education is the representative of gentleman education.
Herbart's "General Pedagogy" is the representative of traditional pedagogy. He was the first to propose that ethics and psychology should be the theoretical basis of pedagogy in order to make pedagogy a science. The four-stage teaching method of "clarity, association, system and method" is put forward, which forms the characteristics of traditional education teacher center, teaching material center and classroom center.
Dewey's Democracy and Education, the founder of pragmatic pedagogy, summarized the essence of education as "education is life", "education is growth" and "education is the transformation and reorganization of experience", and formed a teaching thought characterized by children-centered, active curriculum and learning by doing.
1 1. Briefly describe the birth and development of Marxist pedagogy.
From 65438 to 0939, Kailov, an educational theorist in the former Soviet Union, published Pedagogy, which was written under the guidance of Marxist theory and divided education into four parts: general theory, teaching theory, moral education theory and school management theory. Its main characteristics are attaching importance to the position and role of intellectual education in all-round development; Affirm that classroom teaching is the basic organizational form of school work; Emphasize the leading role of teachers in education and teaching.
12. Briefly describe the development of contemporary pedagogy.
(1) The educational science system has gradually taken shape; (2) The educational theory is rich and colorful; (3) The combination of educational theory and educational practice is increasingly close.
13. What are the famous contemporary educational theories? What are its representative figures and basic viewpoints? Bruner's structural curriculum theory; Zankov's theoretical system of experimental teaching; Bloom's mastery learning theory; Suhomlinski's Theory of Comprehensive and Harmonious Education
14. On the relationship between education and productivity, political and economic system and culture.
First, education and productivity restrict and promote each other; (1) The decisive role of productivity in education (1) The level of productivity determines the scale and speed of education (2) The level of productivity restricts talent specifications and educational structure (3) The level of productivity restricts the content, methods, means and organizational forms of education.
⑵ The role of education in promoting productivity ① Education reproduces labor force ② Education reproduces scientific knowledge ③ Education produces new scientific knowledge.
Second, the political and economic system and education restrict and influence each other.
(1) The restriction of political and economic system on education; (1) The political and economic system determines the leadership of education; (2) The political and economic system determines the right to education; (3) The political and economic system determines the purpose of education; (2) Education promotes the development of political and economic system; (1) Education has realized the political socialization of the younger generation; (2) Education trains professionals for politics; (3) Education has an impact on current political changes and development; (4) Education can accelerate the democratic process.
3. Culture and education are interdependent and mutually restrictive. 1. Culture affects the development of education. 2. Culture influences the establishment of educational purpose. 3. Culture influences the use of teaching methods. 2. Education promotes the development of culture. 1. Education has the function of screening, sorting, transmitting and preserving culture. 2. Education has the function of spreading and exchanging culture. 3. Education has the function of renewing and innovating culture.
14. Briefly describe the influence of information technology on education (1). Information technology has changed people's concept of knowledge (2). Information technology has changed people's concept of learning and education (3). The maturity and popularization of information technology provide a platform for realizing the individualization, democratization and autonomy of education.
15. Who is the representative of human capital theory? What is the basic idea? The core concept of human capital theory in Schultz's Investment in Human Capital is "human capital", which refers to knowledge, skills and other similar abilities that can affect people's productive work. It is the form of capital and the source of future wages and remuneration. It is a form of human capital, which is embodied in people and belongs to people.
Sult calculates the contribution of education to the growth of national income by analyzing the educational capital reserve.
16. An analysis of the particularity of the relationship between education and culture. The relationship between education and culture has certain particularity: on the one hand, culture itself is an educational force, on the other hand, education itself is also a culture.
(1) Culture itself is an educational force.
First, the culture of a specific time and space constitutes a specific cultural environment and atmosphere, which exerts a subtle influence on people living in it and plays a powerful educational role; Second, the culture of a certain society affects school culture, class culture and classroom culture in different ways, and plays an invisible and powerful role in educational activities.
(2) Education itself is a special cultural phenomenon.
Education has dual cultural attributes: on the one hand, it is a means to convey and deepen culture, and then it is related to the content and form of cultural composition; On the other hand, its practice itself embodies the characteristics of culture and becomes cultural ontology.
What is school culture? What are the characteristics and functions of school culture? School culture is an integration and crystallization of the value system, code of conduct and materialized environment accumulated, evolved and created by a school in its long-term educational practice, and recognized and followed by its members.
School culture includes conceptual culture, normative culture and material culture.
Concept culture has four components: cognitive component, emotional component, value component and ideal component.
Three expressions of normative culture: organizational form, rules and regulations, and role norms.
Material culture includes environmental culture and facility culture.
Characteristics of school culture: (1) School culture is an organizational culture; (2) School culture is a highly integrated culture; (3) School culture takes the inheritance of cultural traditions as its own responsibility; (4) School culture, especially good school spirit, has distinct educational functions.
The function of school culture: guidance, cohesion and standardization.
18. How is the school culture formed? (1) The formation of school culture is a process of inheriting and transforming the original culture. (2) The formation of school culture is a process of integrating cultural elements. (3) The formation process of school culture is the process of active creation by the main body of school culture. (4) The formation process of school culture is the transformation and accumulation process of good behavior.
19. On the relative independence of education.
The relative independence of education means that education has its own operating rules and development characteristics, which is reflected in the qualitative stipulation of education. (1) Education is the social practice of cultivating people; (2) Education is the social practice of consciously cultivating people; (3) Cultivating people is realized in the unity of opposites between teaching and learning; (4) Education is a special social practice to cultivate people consciously; (1) Education has historical inheritance; (2) Education should pay attention to inheriting and developing national traditions; (3) the imbalance between education and social productivity, and the development level of political and economic system; (2) Education is relatively independent of political and economic systems.
20. How to understand the strategic position and role of education in socialist modernization? (1) Education is the key to China's modernization. (2) Education is the basic factor to enhance China's comprehensive national strength and international competitiveness. (3) Education is the fundamental way to realize people's all-round development. (4) Education is an important field to practice Theory of Three Represents.