At present, the international situation shows the trend of economic globalization, political multipolarization and cultural value diversification, and China has entered a critical moment of economic system transformation. Diversification of economic components and interests, drastic changes in social life style, excessive gap in quality of life, and the emergence of new forms of social organization. Ideological and political education is facing a new environment that is completely different from the traditional environment. In order to improve the pertinence of ideological and political education, enhance its effectiveness and maintain and develop its advantages, we must optimize the methods of ideological and political education and introduce humanized ideological and political education.
First, humanized ideological and political education and its development demands
Humanization refers to the transformation of people's practical activities into nature or state that meets the requirements of human nature, that is, a development process with people as the center and the harmonious and all-round development of human nature as the ultimate goal. People's development needs are twofold. On the one hand, people have the same survival instinct and physiological desire as ordinary animals, and at the same time, they have the spiritual pursuit of transcending material desires. In reality, people's needs are the combination of the former and the latter in different proportions, that is to say, people have both physical attributes and human nature. The physical attributes of human beings include their physiological and physical attributes, while human nature lies in their spiritual existence. It is the complexity of human nature that leads to the complexity of educating people, and moral education, as the core of educating people, is naturally much more complicated than making utensils and creating things.
Ideological and political education is a practical activity in which the Party applies Marxist stand, viewpoint, method and moral norms that embody socialist core values, exerts educational influence on people purposefully, planned and organized, and enables people to form ideological and moral practices that conform to socialist core values. Humanized ideological and political education should be "people-oriented" in essence, which refers to the ideological and political education that, in accordance with the overall requirements of building a harmonious socialist society, focuses on starting from human nature, takes the improvement and all-round development of human personality as the specific goal, and embodies respect and trust for people. Therefore, ideological and political education should be people-oriented. People are the starting point and destination of ideological and political education.
First, the inevitable requirement of social development. Today's society has entered the information society. On the one hand, the rapid development of science and technology has brought about a surge in human knowledge, and the development of communication and communication technology has increased people's access to information and knowledge. In this case, as an educated person, while absorbing knowledge, we should enhance our ability to choose and judge; On the other hand, the trend of social development requires the educated to have strong learning ability and innovation ability to adapt to the rapidly changing society. With the increase of information, everyone's knowledge is limited, and the knowledge that educators impart to the educated is bound to be limited, and will be eliminated and updated. If educators are still guided by the so-called rules and regulations and blindly instill political ideas and moral concepts into the educated, it will make the educated unable to adapt to social development and will conflict with the current education.
Humanism believes that human nature is positive, and its motivation comes from its own internal needs. People constantly meet their own needs through behavior in social activities, thus achieving the realization of self-worth. As educators, we should fully realize this point, pay attention to and care about the internal needs of the educated, and then mobilize their enthusiasm, let them take the initiative to learn and become the main body of their own education. At present, under the current education system in China, educators always play an authoritative role in front of the educated. Most educatees lack the consciousness and courage to challenge authority and the spirit of exploration, and some even just accept indoctrination or even follow Nuo Nuo. As innovative talents needed by social development, they just need to explore the spirit, dare to question the authority and the old framework, so as to stimulate the creation of new knowledge and promote social progress. Therefore, in order to make the educated have this basic quality, we must abandon the old educational methods that always judge the correctness of the educated by fixed standards. We must proceed from the inner needs of the educated, implement humanized ideological and political education, and guide the educated to give full play to their enthusiasm.
Second, the call of people's own development. The essence of education is to give full play to the subjective initiative of the educated, actively inspire and guide the educated, and urge the educated to know themselves, improve themselves and grasp the initiative of their own development. Marxism holds that human development is not restricted by any other activities and conditions, and can be controlled by individuals. One of the important signs of human development is that people consciously understand and follow the laws of their own development and gain the initiative of their own development. Therefore, people's own development calls for humanized ideological and political education. Marx said in the Outline of Feuerbach: "The essence of man is not an abstract thing inherent in a single person. In reality, it is the sum of all social relations. " [1] He also pointed out in 1844 Economics-Philosophy Manuscript: "All the characteristics of a species, the class characteristics of a species lie in the nature of life activities, and the class characteristics of people are only free and conscious activities." [2] Reflecting on the practice of ideological and political education, it is not difficult to find that in the process of ideological and political education, self and others, individuals and groups are often absolutely opposed, emphasizing that group interests are higher than individuals and self-interests, ignoring the existence of individuals and the realization of self-worth.
Second, the lack and orientation of humanized ideological and political education.
(A) the lack of humanized ideological and political education
The value of human existence is not to accept and adapt to what has been, but to make good use of what has been, so as to achieve the purpose of "transformation" and "transcendence". [3] For a long time, under the guidance of one-sided axiology, ideological and political education attaches importance to the subject of education and ignores the object of education, emphasizing the authority of educators and the absolute obedience of the educated object. The preaching of ideas, the indoctrination of norms and the restraint of behavior have become important symbols of ideological and political education, and the educated people have become tools for passively accepting social norms. Humanized ideological and political education is generally lacking, which has a great impact on students' education.
1. It is against human nature to ignore the material needs of the educated. Material demand is human's innate nature, and people's pursuit of material interests is objective and necessary for people's survival and development. Without material materials such as clothing, food, shelter, transportation and use, people cannot survive and develop. With the deepening of reform and opening up and the development of socialist market economy, people's motives and desires for pursuing material interests have been aroused, while the development of modern science and technology and the substantial improvement of social productive forces have produced a large number of social material wealth, and the satisfaction of people's material desires is realistic. In the new historical period, traditional ideological and political education advocates "emphasizing spirit over material", which will inevitably lead to people's ideological conflicts.
2. Ignoring family education and social influence violates people's sociality. For a long time, ideological and political education has neglected the role of family education and the consequences of social influence, only unilaterally emphasized the educational function of the school, separated the school from the family and society, and tried to seal the minds of the educated with monistic values and norms. Undeniably, in a certain historical period, due to the convergence of educational ideas and contents inside and outside the school, this educational method is effective. However, under the new situation of economic globalization, political multipolarization and cultural value diversification, the educated are impacted by various ideological trends at home and abroad. Western values, ways of thinking and the gloom of social life have a negative and subtle influence on the educated's outlook on life, world outlook and values, and the achievements of school ideological and political education will gradually be dissolved or even abandoned under the impact of negative social influences.
3. Ignoring the subjective initiative of the educated object violates human subjectivity. Marxism holds that man's autonomy, initiative and creativity in the objective activities of the world constitute man's subjectivity, which makes man have rational needs and thus has the possibility of working hard for his own development. Man is not an existence blindly and arbitrarily dominated by external conditions. He always has a directivity based on reality and beyond reality. Everything that exists in reality can never satisfy people, and people will always change it.
Humanized ideological and political education is to respect people's independent personality, give full play to people's subjectivity and creativity, create conditions for people's free and all-round development in people's practical activities, take the protection of people's rights as the criterion, take the requirements of human nature as the criterion, serve people's value, meet people's needs, optimize human nature structure and cultivate human nature in an all-round way. The function of humanized ideological and political education is embodied in the following aspects.
1. Pay attention to developing human potential. Humanized ideological and political education is people-oriented, pays attention to human nature, respects people's needs and stimulates people's potential. First of all, people are real and have a structure with higher potential than animals. Creativity, spontaneity, individuality, sincerity, caring for others, ability to love, yearning for truth, etc. Are all human embryonic potential. However, these potentials are only a weak impulse similar to instinct in the human body. If we want to turn them into reality, we need to guide, develop, improve and consolidate them in the process of education. To give full play to these potentials, we must first create a suitable development environment, including school, social and family environment, as well as our network environment; Second, there must be high-level ideological and political education subjects to teach the educated in accordance with their aptitude, so that everyone's potential can be fully exerted; Third, there must be scientific educational content, which must be carefully selected on the basis of the overall historical experience of mankind. It is a universal human cultural spirit and experience.
2. Pay attention to guide and improve the construction and development of human nature. Ideological and political education is a socialization process that enables individuals to have the knowledge, ability, moral quality and behavior norms needed by society through the transmission, internalization, integration and innovation of culture and emotion. Its fundamental goal is to guide individuals to improve the construction and development of human nature and put the cultivation of subject value in the fundamental position. Emphasizing the subject value does not exclude knowledge, but combines knowledge with the care of value and meaning. Therefore, the cultivation of the moral qualities of the educated, such as emotion and will, is bound to be concerned, thus cultivating a relatively complete person full of humanity. 3. Pay attention to discovering self-worth and the value of all mankind. Everyone's existence in the world has certain value. Humanists believe that the ultimate value of human beings is the realization of self-value. Based on the social attributes of human beings, Marxism holds that the highest state of human social development is a communist society, with highly developed social production and a world of harmony, and human beings are the masters of themselves and the world. The former attaches importance to people's intrinsic value, while the latter emphasizes people's external value while affirming people's intrinsic value. It is believed that human intrinsic value and extrinsic value are the unity of opposites, intrinsic value is the premise and foundation of extrinsic value, and extrinsic value is the actual expression of intrinsic value. However, the value of the above-mentioned personnel can not be fully discovered and recognized in a short time. To fully discover and exert human value, we must rely on humanized ideological and political education. First of all, it can not only make people acquire knowledge, but also teach people how to survive, how to adapt to the environment and get further development; Secondly, guide people to give full play to their creativity and initiative, so as to adhere to the dominant position of people and give play to their leading role. In this way, people can gradually discover their own internal and external values.
Third, the realization path of humanized ideological and political education
With the acceleration of globalization, the disintegration of a single closed social structure, the quiet rise of mass media, especially the development of online media, the subject consciousness of the educated has awakened. Humanized ideological and political education can fully embody the purpose of ideological and political education, vividly show the process of ideological and political education, mobilize students' initiative, enhance students' subjectivity, enrich students' personality, and embody the essence of ideological and political education in shaping human nature. To achieve the goal of humanized ideological and political education, we must work hard in many aspects.
(A) establish a people-oriented concept of ideological and political education
People-oriented is a fundamental principle that runs through the human world. People-oriented is not based on abstract people, but on realistic people. The starting point of people-oriented educational concept is "realistic people", and realistic people have independent personality, needs, initiative and creativity. Traditional ideological and political education only attaches importance to social values and ignores individual values; In the process of education, the educated are materialized and constructed according to certain standards. The people-oriented educational concept recognizes the humanity of the educational object and holds that the educated is a complete life with positive initiative and creativity. As Buber said, the educated "have specific personality, potential and reality". [4] Only by clarifying this point can we truly regard humanity itself as the starting point and destination of ideological and political education, treat the educated in a humanized way and communicate with the educated, so as to fundamentally realize the humanization of ideological and political education.
At the same time, the people-oriented educational concept affirms that the goal of ideological and political education is to promote people's development, and its core lies in affirming people's position and value in ideological and political education. Ideological and political education is an activity of cultivating people, and the process of people's growth is actually a process of increasing or improving people's self-value. The essence of modern ideological and political education is no longer management, control and restraint, but awakening and respecting human nature. Humanized ideological and political education embodies its own value by endowing the educated with spiritual literacy, psychological literacy and creative ability, that is, by improving people's own quality. In the process of ideological and political education, we should care more about, understand, respect and trust people, cultivate their independent personality and creative spirit, and promote their development by improving their own quality. (B) to cultivate a humanized educational environment
Humanization of educational environment is an important guarantee for implementing humanized ideological and political education. Ideological and political education must rely on the external environment (natural and social conditions) to promote the formation of people's good character. Based on this understanding, Confucianism advocates that educators should actively create superior and good external environment so that the educated can benefit from it. For example, Xunzi believes that "holding hemp does not help you to be straight, and white sand is in nirvana, which is the same as black". [5] He believes that a good environment has a good influence on people, and over time, it can shape a good character.
The educational environment we are emphasizing now is mainly to create a good educational atmosphere. Especially in schools, we should pay special attention to strengthening the construction of school spirit. School spirit is the common psychological set, psychological characteristics, behavioral norms and spiritual pursuit accumulated by the school in the long-term educational practice, which plays an important role in rallying people's hearts and inspiring students. Only when students are exposed to the healthy and progressive school spirit, can they hear and feel it from the heart, can they be infected by spirit, edified by sentiment and enlightened by truth, and can ideological and political education really play its role. At the same time, we should pay attention to creating a humanized atmosphere in the educational environment, take the implementation of humanized management as the leader and colorful campus cultural activities as the carrier, promote the creation of a positive public opinion atmosphere, improve students' moral quality, and guide students to establish correct life goals.
(C) Optimize the humanized ideological and political education mechanism
1. We should improve the incentive mechanism of ideological and political education. The so-called incentive mechanism of ideological and political education mainly refers to that educators follow the characteristics and laws of the development of people's thoughts and behaviors, meet the needs of educatees at different levels through various beneficial methods according to the requirements of society and organizations, so as to stimulate and encourage people to show high enthusiasm, initiative and creativity in their study, work and labor. The ideal incentive model should be that the performance obtained by the motivated person through hard work meets the goal requirements set by the motivator in advance, and at the same time meets the needs of the educated in material life and spiritual life, thus promoting the coordinated development of social needs and personal needs. In other words, in ideological and political education, we should abandon "empty preaching", pay attention to people's actual needs and care about the vital interests of the educated. Only by safeguarding the legitimate interests of the educated and organically combining material incentives with spiritual incentives can we stimulate the enthusiasm of the educated and realize the fundamental value and goal of ideological and political education. Of course, when considering the legitimate interests of the educated, we should organically combine collective interests with individual interests, local interests with overall interests, immediate interests with long-term interests to meet the continuous needs of individuals.
2. Improve the indoctrination mechanism of ideological and political education. The process of ideological and political education is not only a process in which educators actively organize and implement education according to social requirements, but also a process in which educatees actively choose educational influence through their own positive activities and conduct self-education based on their own internal needs. The indoctrination of ideological and political education should be an educational practice process of influencing others to convince them with reasonable reasons and words through the transmission of information symbols. The process of ideological and political education is a process of constantly persuading people, and the principle is to respect each other's dominant position. This requires educators to fully respect the educated, not to bully others by force, not to oppress others by reason, not to look down on the educated as educators, to be on the same plane with the educated, to give them a chance to speak, and to gradually guide them to raise their awareness.
(D) Enrich the content of humanized ideological and political education
Adhere to the humanization of ideological and political education, and implement different educational contents according to the psychological characteristics of educational objects of different ages, so as to promote the healthy development of physical and mental education objects. In order to meet the needs of the adjustment of the goal of ideological and political education, we should strive to optimize the content structure of ideological and political education, with reasonable levels and prominent points. The content of ideological and political education should be more related to the ideological reality of the broad masses of the people and do more work to solve doubts and doubts. Explain the contemporary social reality in profound changes with more facts, and make ideological and political education close to reality, life and the masses. Ideological and political education should aim at different educational objects with different backgrounds, such as different regions, different people, different classes, different occupations and different incomes, and determine different educational contents, so that the contents are hierarchical and progressive, reflecting the times and practicality.
With the expansion and deepening of China's opening to the outside world, international ideological and cultural exchanges will surely increase day by day, which will inevitably bring about the mutual agitation of various ideological and cultural circles around the world. Ideological and political education should promote the harmonious coexistence of various civilizations and achieve common development and prosperity. Under the current situation, we should strengthen the education of Chinese civilization and history, carry forward the excellent national cultural traditions, and inspire the national pride and pride of all the people, especially to cultivate the national spirit with patriotism as the core throughout the ideological and political education. With the vigorous development of socialist market economy, the construction of a socialist country ruled by law and the development of political civilization, people's requirements for democracy and the rule of law are getting higher and higher. Ideological and political education should conform to this historical trend, take democracy and rule of law education for socialist citizens as an important content, fairness, competition, efficiency and integrity education to ensure the healthy development of market economy as an important content, and equal and open education to encourage China citizens to bravely go to the world as an important content, so as to promote the healthy development of people.