[1* * * *] 7 Yang Yanyan

Abstract: Electrochemistry is a subject that studies the relationship between electricity and chemical reaction, which mainly produces electric energy through chemical reaction and studies the chemical changes caused by current. This paper mainly introduces the development history of electrochemistry for more than 200 years, and discusses the future research trend of electrochemistry.

Keywords: electrochemical development history, future

Since Volt's first chemical battery, the development of electrochemistry has experienced more than two centuries. At present, electrochemistry has become an indispensable part of national economy and industry, and it is applied in different fields, such as; Electrolysis, electroplating, photoelectrochemistry, electrocatalysis, metal corrosion, etc. At the same time, electrochemistry also plays an important role in biology, automobile industry, analysis and other emerging scientific fields.

Scientific and technological achievements are closely related to human life and production practice, such as chemical power supply, corrosion protection, surface finishing, metal refining, electrolytic synthesis of various chemicals, environmental management, artificial organs, biological batteries, electrocardiogram, information transmission and so on. It involves a wide range of electrochemical research fields, and its theoretical methods and technical applications are increasingly crossing and infiltrating with other natural sciences or technical disciplines [1].

Electrochemistry is an ancient and young subject. It is generally believed that electrochemistry originated from the phenomenon of "animal electricity" in 179 1 when Italian anatomist Gaal-Varney discovered that scalpel or metal could make frog leg muscles contract. 1800 volt made the first practical battery, which opened a new era of electrochemical research. After more than a century, the development and achievements of electrochemical science have attracted worldwide attention, and there have been many major breakthroughs in both basic research and technical application, from theory to method. Electrochemical science

1 electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is a science that studies the interaction between electricity and chemical reactions, the mutual transformation between chemical energy and electric energy, and the related laws. Electrochemistry is an important branch of physical chemistry, which mainly studies the interface phenomenon, structural chemical process and related phenomena of electron conductor-ion conductor and ion conductor-ion conductor. The research content includes two aspects: (1) electrolyte research (conductivity of electrolyte, ion transport characteristics, equilibrium properties of ions participating in the reaction, etc. ); (2) electrode research (equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of electrochemical interface). Modern electrochemistry attaches great importance to the study of electrochemical interface structure, electrochemical behavior and kinetics at the interface. Electrochemical phenomena generally exist in nature, such as metal corrosion, human or animal muscle movement, brain information transmission, bioelectric current and the mechanism of cell membrane. All these involve the action of electrochemical processes. Electrochemical

The development of China has promoted the world's scientific progress and social and economic development, and has made and is making great contributions to solving the problems faced by human society such as energy, transportation, materials, environmental protection, information and life.

2 Four events of early electrochemical development

(1) 1780 in the experiment of frog anatomy, galvani found that when the frog's four legs twitched violently, it would cause the motor to generate sparks. From this unexpected discovery, galvani published the phenomenon of the connection between biology and electrochemistry in 179 1.

(2) 1833 Faraday, a genius experimenter, put forward the "law of electrolysis" after a lot of experiments: m=QM/nF. As the basis of electrochemistry, "electrolysis law" points out the direction for the development of electrochemistry.

(3) 1839, Grove invented the fuel cell, and the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with platinum black as the electrode lit up the lights of the lecture hall, from which the fuel cell entered the historical stage. The development of fuel cells has made a substantial leap.

(4) In 1905, Tafel obtained Tafel's empirical formula through experiments:

η= a+blgi； I=Aexp(Bη/RT), where a and b are called Tafel constants, which are determined by the nature of the electrolytic cell [2].

3 development trend

3.1Review of electrochemistry in the second half of 20th century

In the last 50 years of the 20th century, in electrochemistry

There are two milestones in the history of development: Heyrovsky won the 1959 Nobel Prize in chemistry for establishing polarography technology, and Marcus won the 1992 Nobel Prize in chemistry for electron transfer theory (including homogeneous and heterogeneous systems). The pioneering part of Marcus' works was founded in the late 1950s. During this period, electrochemistry has made great progress in theory, experiment and application, mainly focusing on interface electrochemistry (including interface structure, interface electron transfer and surface electrochemistry) [3].

The last 50 years of the 20th century is a productive period for studying new electrochemical systems and experimental information. Some important surface spectral effects were found in the experiment, including the electric reflection effect of metal and semiconductor electrodes, the selection of infrared spectra of metal electrodes, the electrochemical Stark effect of surface molecular vibration spectra, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect and the surface-enhanced infrared absorption effect. During this period, there are also many breakthroughs in electrochemical application technology. Li-ion secondary battery, Ni-MH battery and conductive polymer, which are very important for information technology, were invented. Known as the "green" power station in 2 1 century and the best fuel cell to solve the power problem of electric vehicles, four fuel cells with the most commercial prospects were selected from the eve of commercialization in laboratory research: phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). In addition, the laboratory research of methanol direct fuel cell has also attracted much attention.

Attach importance to. The application of electrocatalytic oxide electrode (such as ruthenium dioxide electrode) in electrolysis industry has triggered a revolution in chlor-alkali industry. Surface functional electrodeposition has brought new vitality to the ancient electroplating industry. Passivation, surface treatment, coating, corrosion inhibitor, cathode and anode protection are widely used in metal corrosion protection, which makes it possible for metal to become a pillar material in modern society [4].

.

3.2 2 1 some development trends in the century

At the beginning of 2 1 century, the research of interfacial electrochemistry at molecular and atomic level was still the focus of electrochemical theoretical research, which mainly included: the further improvement of interface structure microscopic model, especially the establishment of ion characteristic adsorption structure model and semiconductor-solution interface microscopic model, and the application of interface structure microscopic model in interfacial charge transfer kinetics and surface electrochemistry; The further improvement of Marcus's solid-liquid interface electron transfer theory, the establishment of the inner ball process electron transfer theory, the further experimental verification of the electron transfer theory and its application in the new electrochemical system; Quantum chemical model and calculation of chemical bond adsorption (including adsorption in electrocatalysis process), properties of surface chemical bonds; The experiment and theory of interface structure, interface electrodynamic phenomenon, interface electron transfer, photoelectric process and luminescence process of nano-micron system [5].

2 1 century, due to the requirements of materials, energy, information, life and environment for electrochemical technology, the research of new electrochemical systems and materials will be greatly developed. At present, it is foreseeable that: 1) nano-material electrochemistry.

Synthesis; 2) Electrochemical preparation of components, integrated circuit boards, nano batteries and nano light sources in nanoelectronics; 3) Electrochemical machining of microsystem and chip lab and application of interfacial electrokinetic phenomenon in driving microfluidic flow; 4) Chemical power supply for electric vehicles and supporting power supply for information industry; 5) preparing hydrogen energy by electrolysis; 6) Practical application of solid-state photoelectrochemical cells and photocatalytic synthesis in solar energy; 7) Photocatalytic technology and electrochemical technology to eliminate environmental pollution; 8) Photocatalysis and light-induced surface energy technology in self-cleaning and sterilization technology of glass, ceramics and fabrics; 9) Electrochemical study of biological macromolecules, active small molecules and drug molecules; 10) miniature electrochemical sensor.

It is estimated that there will be no big breakthrough in electrochemical experimental technology in the early 20th century, and the strength of quantum electrochemistry in China's electrochemical team is relatively weak. However, the opportunity of electrochemistry in the early 20th century will give new electrochemical systems. Therefore, the research of electrochemistry in China should be inclined to the research of new electrochemical systems, including the development of new materials, the structure and properties of new systems, and the application basis of new systems.

References:

[1], Wang, Application and development of electrochemistry, Vol.38, No.8, 20 10.

[2] Wang Fengyun. Development history of organic electrochemistry. Chemistry education. 200 1 issue 7 ~ 8.

[2] CenYuan. Development and application of electrochemistry. Guide to scientific and technological innovation 20 12 NO4

[3] Analytical laboratory: development and application of electrochemical analysis. June 2003, Volume 22, No.6165438+1October.

Lin Zhonghua. Some development trends of electrochemistry in 2 1 century. Electrochemistry Volume 8, No.2, February 2002.