Basic introduction Chinese name: educational administration type: * * * Function: leadership service and supervision level: system content, method, content, characteristics, purpose, function, research method, historical evolution, institutional setup, differences and content. Educational administration mainly has three levels: first, institutional level, including educational administration system, institutions and school education system; Second, the content level, involving curriculum management, personnel management, financial management, facilities management; The third is the method level. Education administrators should promote the development and progress of education towards the predetermined goals through legislation and law enforcement, planning, supervision and evaluation. First, educational administrative activities, like other administrative activities, generally pay attention to the embodiment of national ideas, will and wishes when performing their duties, pay attention to the implementation of national policies and regulations, and exercise the licensing right of management education within the scope permitted by national laws. Second, education uses public funds and is a part of social public utilities. Therefore, management education, like other public utilities, must take the maintenance and promotion of public interests as its basic purpose, not profit as its basic purpose. This is obviously different from enterprise management. Thirdly, educational administration, as a management activity, has the basic characteristics of general management, such as organizational goals, distribution of permission rights within institutions, division of labor, planning, decision-making, communication, coordination and conflict, and finally achieves organizational goals through comprehensive use of various management means. Because of this, the general principles of management also have important guiding significance for educational management. Fourthly, like other administrators, the quality, ability and leadership style of educational administrators have a decisive influence on the effectiveness of administrative management. Therefore, modern society has always attached importance to the cultivation of administrative personnel's ability and quality. Fifth, scientific management is the current trend, and educational management is no exception. Many scientific means originally used in other fields are now widely used in the field of education management, such as statistical means and prediction technology. Cost accounting system, information processing, etc. purpose
The purpose of educational administration is to protect the educational rights of all citizens and promote the development of social education. Specifically, there are two main goals: first, to enhance national cohesion; The second is to promote social and economic development. Function 1. Leadership function. Educational administrators should represent * * *, lead the educational cause, and formulate educational goals and plans closely around the national will and social needs, so that the educational subsystem is consistent with the goals of the whole educational system, and the goals of the educational system are consistent with the overall goals of social development. 2. Service function. Administrative work is service. Educational administration serves education, education, teachers' teaching, students' study and school work. 3. Supervisory function. Educational administrators should also conduct timely inspection and guidance, contact educational objectives, and conduct assessment and supervision on teachers, students and schools. Research methods 1. Experience summary method: the research of educational administration originated from the summary and reflection of educational administrative practice by the principals of primary and secondary schools or the heads of educational administrative departments. 2. Literature analysis: Educational management research should focus on collecting valuable literature in educational life. 3. Investigation method: mainly including questionnaire method and interview method, which can provide a lot of accurate and valuable information for the formation background, implementation process and effect of education policy. 4. Experimental research method: it is a study of creating an educational situation, changing one variable in this situation, thus causing corresponding changes in other variables, and looking for causality from it. Educational administration involves many uncontrollable factors, and quasi-experimental design is often used in experimental design of educational administration. 5. Research methods of cultural anthropology: researchers are required to enter the scene of human life without any assumptions, observe, record and describe people's lives calmly, and thus discover some invisible laws and concepts in life. The cultural anthropology research of educational management tries to discover the life reality, work desire and basic laws of grassroots educators. 6. Comparative research method: Comparative research was originally the impression of some educators on traveling and going abroad. With the birth of comparative pedagogy, comparative methods have also been extended to the field of educational management. Today's educational administration comparison includes international comparison and comparison between different regions in the same country. Historical Evolution At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the county-level educational administrative organization was called "Confucianism Department" and was located in the Confucian Temple. The director, the director, is the county education chief, whose duty is not only to manage the civil and military students in the county, but also to serve as a sacrificial official. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the imperial examination was abolished and promoted to a school. In May of the following year, the "Confucianism Department" was changed to "Persuasion Department". 19 12 In February, Nanjing temporarily promulgated the local administrative officer system and decided to cancel the "persuasion office" and set up the "education bureau", but yiyang county still followed the old system. It was not until 1923 that it was changed to education bureau, 1 director, 1 inspector, 1 clerk. 1927, lecturer 1 person, 4 clerks. 1939, the Education Bureau was changed to the Education Department. There are social units and educational units, and each unit has 1 head. 1August 29th, 947, Yiyang County was liberated. In September, it was divided into yinan county and Yi Bei counties, both of which set up war education departments. 1February, 949, Yinan and Yibei counties merged to restore Yiyang county, and the War Education Department was changed to the Education Department. 1950, the education department was changed to the art education department, with four people in charge of culture and under the leadership of the propaganda department of the county party Committee. From 65438 to 0955, the art education department was divided into culture department and education department. 1956, the education department consists of teaching and research section, teacher training school department and literacy office. 1958, the Education Department was abolished and the Education Bureau was established. 196 1 The Education Bureau has a General Affairs Unit, a Secretary Unit and a Workers and Peasants Education Unit. 1in April, 1967, the county set up a front-line headquarters to grasp the revolution and promote production, with a cultural and health office. 1in August, 968, the county revolutionary Committee was established, the office of the revolutionary Committee set up a cultural and health group, and the education bureau set up a revolutionary leading group. 1971June, the bureau of culture, education and health was established. 1In August, 973, the Culture, Education and Health Bureau was abolished and the Culture, Education Bureau of the County Revolutionary Committee was established. 1978 10, led by the science and education office. 1980 In May, the Culture and Education Bureau of the County Revolutionary Committee was abolished and divided into the Culture Bureau and the Education Bureau. The Education Bureau consists of two rooms (office, teaching and research section) and five units (personnel unit, education unit, finance unit, workers and peasants education unit, production and supply unit). 10 In June, the Education Bureau was under the leadership of the County Culture and Sports Commission. 1984 10, the county cultural commission was abolished and the education bureau was directly under the county leadership. 1990 County Education Committee of Workers and Peasants and Education Bureau co-located. The Education Bureau consists of office, teaching and research section, personnel unit, school education unit, accounting unit, adult education unit, adult teaching and research section and education production company. The mechanism is set to 19 12. The county is divided into five school districts: Chengguan, Xuncun, Shiling, Hancheng and Sanxiang, and each school district has 1 education committee members. 1May, 934, changed to 8 school districts. 1939, there were several educational instructors in each district, and there were 1 national schools in each township. County education departments lead county schools through district education instructors and township center ethnic schools. 1February, 949, the county was divided into six districts, with cultural and educational assistants in each district and central schools (also called joint schools) in each township. The principals of the joint schools were in charge of education in their own townships. 1968 cancel the commune joint school and set up the teaching reform group. 197 1 year, the reform group was abolished, and 1 person was distributed to each commune. 1973, restoring the commune reform group. 1983, the commune was changed to villages and towns, and the reform group was renamed as the central school, which still belongs to the educational administration. 1985 Central School was changed to Education Group, 1 Team Leader, 1 Deputy Team Leader, 1 Accountant, 1 Branch Secretary, 1 Teaching and Research Fellow, 2 farmers' education professionals and 2 senior teachers. First of all, educational administrative activities are subject to the laws of education itself in many aspects, such as education is a labor-intensive undertaking, the periodicity of education is long, and the work of teachers is professional. It is not feasible to carry out administrative management in violation of these laws. For example, you can't use administrative means to force teachers to adopt a certain teaching method, because it doesn't conform to the laws of education; On the contrary, in enterprise management, you can directly control the working procedures of employees through machines and technologies. Secondly, it is difficult to implement quantitative management in many aspects of educational administration. This is because education management will eventually be implemented in school work, and the cultivation of people by schools will be affected by many factors. For example, it is difficult for us to make accurate statistics on moral education management in a school. Third, education is a high-value undertaking, so educational administration often involves ethical issues that other administrative departments do not often encounter. Moral and values issues. As some foreign scholars have said, school is the center of various conflicting values in society. From this point of view, it is impossible for the education administrative department to "remain neutral" as advocated by some scholars. Fourthly, the effectiveness evaluation of educational administration is much more complicated than that of other administrative work. For example, it is difficult for us to evaluate whether the administration of a middle school is successful according to the results of the college entrance examination in that year, because there are too many influencing factors, many of which are subjective and uncontrollable. This difficulty in evaluation has brought some difficulties to the smooth performance of educational administrative functions. Fifth, educational administrative activities can easily become the focus of social attention. The introduction of an education policy, because it involves a wide range, will often cause great social repercussions, and public opinion circles will also have heated discussions. This feature sometimes makes the education administrative department tend to be conservative and take a very cautious attitude when formulating new policies.