In the early days of Zhizhong's establishment, there was a mutiny in Guangzhou Business Group, and a war broke out in Ximen area, which soon subsided. The next year, there was another movement against Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan, but it had little effect on Zhi Zhi. At that time, warlords were overbearing, civil strife was frequent, and public school funds were very small, which was difficult to maintain; Whenever the political situation changes, most of the teaching staff in public schools will advance and retreat together with the principal, unable to teach with peace of mind. Working in private schools is relatively stable, and when private schools were founded at that time, they could enroll students independently, choose teaching materials and teaching methods, and students could transfer and drop out at will without receiving a transfer certificate.
Most of the founders of the Society of Knowledge and Use are outstanding young people in normal universities, with extraordinary conceit. I have great ambitions to know about the founding of the People's Republic of China. In the first year of Zhizhong's establishment, the fees were too low and the burden of rent, water and electricity was too heavy, which led to the shortage of funds and difficulties. Because of the youthful spirit, the teaching staff is not United. Which school is the headmaster, Tang He? Yu Mingluan, Li and Zuo Canhua are arguing with each other, vying for fame and profit, resulting in debt, many students dropping out of school and almost stopping school. In the summer of 1925, the principal Tang resigned from the school at the invitation of Xingzhou Middle School, and the school board immediately held a meeting to elect Zhang Ruiquan as the principal (re-elected once every three years, and Zhang Ruiquan was re-elected until 1956 and changed to No.28 Middle School), and hired staff regardless of faith, region, gender and origin (not limited to normal university graduation), only seeking unity and cooperation. As for students, two classes of junior high school students, boys and girls, will be recruited, and senior high school students will be recruited three years later. Before the senior high school class, I also run a preparatory class for college promotion. I run two classes every year, with 80- 100 students. The study period is one year, and I specialize in the courses of upgrading from college to undergraduate, and I have achieved good results in my further study. The work-study program experimental class was also piloted for more than a year, but it was suspended due to financial difficulties. I also run evening classes for civilians, and teachers and students are compulsory teachers. I also personally participated in the teaching and played a certain role in popularizing education. The sons and nephews of the administrators and staff of Zhizhong school can study for free to show preferential treatment. In addition, some poor students are also free of tuition. As for the students who rank first in the semester exam and have achieved B or above, they are also free of tuition. The second one is free of tuition, and the third one is free of tuition. The school's financial affairs and personnel are open, and books and instruments are gradually enriched, laying a foundation for the school.
Since 1926, the teaching quality of Zhizhong has gradually improved, and the number of students has increased a lot year by year. In addition to the original school buildings in Zhihang Street, more rental houses have been rented in Shishu for the construction of school buildings, and equipment has been actively enriched to make the school take shape. In order to meet the needs of work-study students, the school also has printing machines, imitation fonts, bamboo utensils and other tools. At that time, with the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, many schools had some progressive staff and students, and Knowing China was no exception. After Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution, progressives were slaughtered everywhere, and Guangzhou became a miserable area. 1April, 927 15, a special committee composed of Li, Gu Yingfen, Chen and Chen declared Guangzhou martial law, appointed martial law commander, and killed * * * members and related personnel. Xie Yingzhou (one of the leaders of the Party of Scholars) and his followers returned from France, having no territory, coveting knowledge and wanting to keep it for themselves. They colluded with Deng Yanhua, director of the Guangzhou Public Security Bureau, declared that most of the students were * * * elements, ordered them to dissolve, and secretly occupied knowledge as their territory. Tzu Chi colleagues argued for seven days and won the support of the public, forcing the Guangzhou Public Security Bureau to withdraw its authorization. 1928, when Deng Shizeng (Li's staff) succeeded the Guangzhou Public Security Bureau, someone found a copy of "Tell the Teenager" by Kropotkin, who used to be a translator of China teacher Li Shaoling. The cover of this book is printed with the words "Knowledge and Use Volume II". Taking this as evidence, they tried to arrest all the teachers in Zhizhi and decided to execute it by Guangzhou Public Security Bureau. The people in charge of Chinese affairs heard the news and argued for it. We said that there was no fragmentary series published in the annals, and there was no fragmentary series. Why is there a second season? Moreover, Kropotkin is not * * *, but an anarchist. This pamphlet promotes anarchism and cannot be confused with communism. Zhang Zimo, an inspector from Guangdong Education Department, went to the school to investigate, but found no evidence. In addition to our rebuttal, we also asked Li Minxin (then he was Li's deputy chief, and he and Deng Shizeng were colleagues) to help us. As a result, we learned to tell everything with middle school.
From 65438 to 0932, when Xie Yingzhou was the director of Guangdong Education Department, he called inspectors to discuss the dissolution of Zhiyong Middle School, but failed to achieve his goal.
After several difficult struggles, Zhiyong Middle School finally grew and developed. Because the rented school buildings are too scattered to be disciplined, the students donated part of the school building funds, borrowed some money to buy about 10 mu of vegetable fields on Bailing Road, and later bought some connected land to build school buildings. When I first bought the first section of school land, each well was only 70 yuan. Later, because many overseas Chinese invested in returning to China to buy land, the land price of Bailing Road rose to more than 300 yuan per well. 193 1 started to build a new school building on bailing road, first building 25 bungalows, and then building classrooms, auditoriums, libraries, science and technology museums and other foreign-related buildings (including knowledge halls and practice halls). Completed on 1936, the project cost is about 200,000 yuan.
Zhizhong builds new school buildings and enriches equipment. After moving to the new teaching building, the students came to study enthusiastically. By 1932, there are 25 classes of high school students, with more than 380 boys and girls/kloc-0. It is a famous private middle school in Guangzhou. There are three reasons: first, the determination of the founders and faculty to engage in education, especially the stability of the work and life of the faculty, the enthusiasm and responsibility for teaching work, and the continuous improvement of teaching quality. For example, Hu Jinchang, Chinese teacher and Wu were all excellent teachers at that time, and they had a certain appeal; Second, the school equipment is increasingly rich, books and instruments are increasing, and the built science museum is the most prominent among the middle schools in the city; Third, the enrollment is strict. At that time, there were many students taking the entrance examination in Zhizhong, so we could choose a better student among many students. So most of them were selected after taking the entrance examination after graduation. Therefore, all the young students who failed to get into public middle schools took the exam. Because knowledge-based middle schools are more prestigious and attractive. At that time, the Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang government ordered the establishment of private schools and deposited funds in banks. The amount of deposits depends on the number of classes. If someone wants to run a private school, they should first negotiate with the commercial bank to write a fake passbook and report it to the education administrative organ for the record. Knowledgeable person Middle School has been put on record for a long time. It has a school site and a new school building, so it is unnecessary to go through these procedures. In the old society, because commercial banks often closed down and government bank notes often depreciated, many private schools were reluctant to deposit in banks. The funds in Zhizhi are jointly kept by three people, so it is more appropriate not to lend money or be greedy for interest. In case of price fluctuation, the funds are purchased and stored in kind to ensure the stability of the income of the faculty and staff, so that the faculty and staff can teach with peace of mind.
While the school affairs of Zhi Gong Dang Middle School were flourishing, in the September 18th Incident of 193 1, Japan occupied the northeast of China, and Chiang Kai-shek adopted a policy of non-resistance, which made Japanese invaders invade one after another. 1937 After the July 7th Incident, in order to resist Japan and save the nation, subjects such as anti-virus, ambulance, communication and military training were added to the curriculum of Zhizhong, among which the communication class was taught by the famous woodcut Li Hua (who also has a lot of research experience in telecommunications), and at the same time, the ideological education of resisting Japan and saving the nation was carried out. When the Japanese invaders bombed Guangzhou, most of the students in the schools in the city returned to their original places or went to Hong Kong and Macao, and some schools moved to other counties. Knowing that China had not moved to the school, the school added air defense equipment as a shelter for staff, students and the public. 1938 In the summer, before the fall of Guangzhou, two teaching offices, Lishui in Nanhai and Daliang in Shunde, were set up in Zhizhong for emergencies. After more than a month's class, the Japanese invaders invaded Guangzhou, Yu Hanmou retreated hastily, and Guangzhou fell instantly. Except for some school furniture of Daliang Education Bureau, all the equipment of Zhizhi Headquarters and Li's Water Education Bureau were lost. At that time, the traffic in northern Guangdong was difficult, so Zhizhong had to temporarily move to Qingzhou, Macau on February 1939.
Before the fall of Guangzhou, the private Peizheng Middle School was forced to pay the police donation fee for decades by the Guangzhou Public Security Bureau. After hearing the news, all private schools in the city joined forces to support and argued with the Municipal Public Security Bureau. Originally, it was stipulated that all self-built school buildings were exempt from traffic police donations. If the rented house is a school building, only the police donation fee paid by the owner is paid (that is, only half is paid). After many negotiations between Zhiyong and representatives of private middle schools, it was finally resolved.
After Guangzhou was occupied by the Japanese army, several private middle schools in Guangzhou moved from Guangzhou to Macau. The Portuguese government intends to impose the new education laws promulgated by Portugal and Beijing on schools that move to Australia. For example, a classroom of 60 students can only accommodate 30 students, and each teacher has to pay a certain tax every year. Its harsh example is unacceptable. Mr. Xu Zhaofu, who knows Portuguese, negotiated with Macao Education Bureau. Therefore, schools moving to Australia are not restricted by this law. When the Japanese invaders occupied Zhongshan County, many students in Zhongshan County flowed into Macao, hungry and cold. Zhizhi Middle School took in these homeless young students respectively, exempting them from room and board, and letting them study with peace of mind until graduation.
After Zhizhong moved to Macau, the pseudo-Guangdong Provincial Department of Education sent Kuang Jiading to Macau to lure Zhizhong back to Guangzhou to resume his studies. He was allowed to return the school building on Bailing Road to Zhizhong, and said that he would give Zhizhong relocation expenses and subsidies, but we sternly refused. At that time, Liu Shida and Wang Shutao, members of the Hong Kong Youth League, decided to develop youth leagues in Hong Kong, Kowloon and Macau. They put Zhizhong in charge of developing youth league organizations in various schools in Macao, and said that if members enter the mainland, they will entertain them along the way and introduce them to further studies. We refused to work for them because of the temporary nature of moving to China and Macau. Zhizhong stayed in Qingzhou, Macao for three years. We saw the Japanese invaders send everyone from Zhongshan County to Macao, threatening and luring, trying to force the schools that moved to Macao to move back to Guangzhou. In this bad situation, most of the students in Zhizhi went to the mainland, leaving only a few students to look after the school furniture in Shuikengmei Campus in Macau until Japan surrendered.
1938 During February, some members of the Knowledge Society set up Hong Kong Knowledge Middle School in Hong Kong and elected Su Rui as the principal. 1in the spring of 939, some members of the knowledge society opened the Vietnamese knowledge middle school in Saigon, and the principal was Tang. These two knowledge-based middle schools were founded by friends of the knowledge-based society, but they are independent in economy and have no direct relationship with Guangzhou knowledge-based middle schools.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/942, Zhizhong moved to the mainland from Macao. At first, I spent a year in the harem of Ruyuan County in northern Guangdong. The nearby rural areas are sparsely populated. Residents only want to plant animal husbandry to solve their minimum living, but they have no extra ability to learn culture. Although school-age youth are exempt from tuition fees, they are unwilling to go to school. At that time, Liu, the county magistrate of Ruyuan County, and others set up a Ruyuan County Middle School. Worried that the development of Zhizhong in Ruyuan would affect its enrollment, they teamed up with Huang Linshu, director of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education, to put pressure on Zhizhong to move elsewhere. Zhizhong didn't want to have an argument with them and affect unity, so he decided to move to the fertile land of Chen County, Hunan Province.
There are many teenagers in fertile land in Chen County. Their elders had inconvenient transportation in wartime, and their children spent more on going out to study. Therefore, Zhiyong Middle School is welcome to move to fertile land, so that their children can study and their children can take care of the countryside and help their families. If the enemy attacks, it is easy to evacuate. However, the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education is deliberately embarrassed. The telegram asked the Hunan provincial government and the Education Department to stop Zhizhong's migration to fertile land, and spread rumors about Zhizhonghong's arrival in fertile land, attacking at will. At that time, the right of primary and secondary education in Hunan Province was completely in the hands of the graduates of Changsha No.1 Normal University. The principals of all primary and secondary schools are Changsha No.1 Normal School, and graduates from other normal schools cannot be principals. Hunan education authorities also stipulate that the establishment of schools must purchase thousands of acres of school land as funds to show restrictions. Although the education authorities in Guangdong and Hunan have tried their best to restrict and crack down on knowledge-based middle schools, we have received enthusiastic support and help from the public and local elders. While negotiating for the record, I am ready to start school. As a result, more than 500 students entered the school, including more than 65,438+000 poor students, all of whom were free of tuition. Zhizhong taught in fertile land for one year, Changsha fell, the Japanese attacked Chen County, Zhizhong had to move to Huangmaodashan, the Japanese attacked Huangmaodashan, and Zhizhong moved to Tianchi Cave. The Japanese army sent people to persuade Zhizhong to return to fertile land for classes. We flatly refused, so we moved to Linwu Niutoufen, re-purchased the school furniture and recruited new students. Soon after Japan surrendered, Zhizhong was still teaching in Linwu for half a year. After the traffic recovered slightly, he moved back to the original site of Bailing Road in Guangzhou. The school building in the middle of Bailing Road was used as a military hospital by the Japanese army when Guangzhou fell. After Japan surrendered, the new army that took over Guangzhou was occupied as a hospital for the wounded. It was not until the Northeast New Army was defeated that Zhizhong recovered all the school buildings, but they were destroyed. Immediately build in stages, re-purchase books, instruments and school furniture, and formally resume school.
During the period of 1945, Guangzhou schools were demobilized one after another, that is, Guangzhou Private Middle School Association was organized, and seven schools including Minzu University, Guangzhou University, Lingnan University, Zhiyong Middle School, Jiaozhong Middle School, Peizheng Middle School and Yueshan Middle School were elected as directors. It is stipulated that at least two plenary meetings should be held each semester to discuss the charging standards, and the number of fees should be determined according to the situation of each school. Schools in the same district are not allowed to accept students from each other. Representatives of the above seven schools (principals or provosts) went to the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education to discuss the charging standards of each school with Yao Baodi, director of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education. Yao Baodi advocated charging less tuition fees and started enrollment classes after the agreement. When the Guangzhou Private Middle School Association meets, it mostly discusses issues such as school fees and dealing with currency depreciation, and rarely discusses discussion methods and teaching materials, let alone holding an exchange meeting on teaching experience.
1946, currency depreciation, price fluctuation. Parents of students in Hunan remit food to their children for a month, but when they receive the money, it depreciates, and they can't maintain food for a month, so students have to drop out of school. In order to ensure the life of faculty and students, Zhizhong immediately purchased rice after receiving various expenses (tuition, meals, etc.). ) and stored in the school to avoid accidental losses.
During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, some students in Zhizhi took part in the armed struggle against Japanese puppet troops in order to defend Sang Zi. During the War of Liberation, middle school students organized reading clubs, and many students participated in this organization, and participated in patriotic movements with students from various colleges of Sun Yat-sen University, such as the patriotic movement of students against hunger and civil war.
When the People's Liberation Army went south, Yu Hanmou, director of Guangzhou appeasement, told all schools to evacuate, and all private and public schools were unwilling to suspend classes. Representatives from seven schools, including the Central University for Nationalities and Guangzhou (that is, directors of Guangzhou Private Middle School Association) negotiated with Yu Hanmou, and finally started classes on time, waiting for the liberation of Guangzhou.
After liberation, students who know how to use it have been cared and educated by the government, and their political awareness and teaching quality have been continuously improved. The party and the government allocated funds to build school buildings, buy more equipment, and grant scholarships to students. Teachers and staff enjoy free medical care and send cadres to the school to strengthen leadership. By the summer of 1956, the people's government, at the request of the teaching staff and parents of students, changed the private ordinary middle school into Guangzhou No.28 middle school, becoming a complete middle school with 35 classes in a senior middle school, with more than 700 male and female students/kloc-0.
Members of the Knowledge Society not only set up knowledge middle schools in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Vietnam, but also engaged in academic research and publishing. 1 923 May1to1925 February, we published Xuesheng in Guangzhou Seventy-two Business Daily (first published as a periodical, later changed to a periodical) as a garden for colleagues in the knowledge society to publish articles. 1927, Student Monthly was first published, and it was closed after three issues. 1929, the "knowledge series" was published to the second issue. 1935, Student Monthly was reissued with only three issues. These publications played a certain role in the cultural and educational work at that time. Every year, from165438+1October 4th, social friends have a dinner in Guangzhou and publish a special issue of the forum to publicly introduce their academic research experience to the society. This activity didn't stop until 1949.
Many members of the society have made contributions in the academic field, such as Hu Jinchang, a member of the society, who has made outstanding achievements in mathematics, Xie Shen, who has made great contributions in soil science, Wu, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Liu Mianqun, modern literature, Li Changren, physics, Wang Yankong, philosophy and Chen Ji. They are also poets, Yu Xinyi, Xiong Runtong, Tong Shaobi, Zeng and Li.
With the approval of the Ministry of Education of Nanjing Government, the Knowledge Society plans to establish a College of Knowledge Arts and Sciences. However, due to the limitation of teachers and other conditions, in order to concentrate on running the knowledge middle school well, the plan to establish the liberal arts knowledge college was cancelled.