Distinguish between behaviorist learning view and cognitive learning view

Explain the early information processing model of memory and the recent cognitive science model, including working memory and cognitive load theory.

Discuss the role of different types of knowledge in learning and memory.

Describe the process of storing and extracting different information in long-term memory.

Clarify the individual differences and development differences about memory.

Describe the process and strategy of becoming a knowledgeable person.

1) Cognitive view and behavioral view of comparative learning

Cognitive view holds that what is learned is knowledge, and the change of knowledge makes it possible to change behavior, while behavioral view holds that what is learned is behavior itself. Behaviorists and cognitive theorists agree that reinforcement is very important for learning, but they have different reasons. Strict behaviorists advocate reinforcement to enhance response, while cognitive theorists regard reinforcement as a kind of feedback information. Only feedback resources tell us what will happen if the behavior is repeated or changed. In other words, reinforcement is regarded as a source of information.

2) The influence of knowledge on learning

The cognitive view of learning holds that the most important component in the learning process is the knowledge that individuals bring into the learning situation, and our existing knowledge largely determines our attention, perception, learning, memory and forgetting.

3) The role of the brain in cognition

The human brain seems to influence and be influenced by learning. For example, individuals who often perform certain tasks (such as driving a taxi) develop more specific brain regions than those who do not participate in such activities. Studies have shown that learning changes the information transmission between neurons, and these changes enable children to participate in complex tasks when they are about seven years old.

1) Path from sensory information input to pattern recognition

The first stage is feature analysis or bottom-up processing, because you must first decompose into features or elements and combine them into meaningful patterns. Gestalt principle is an explanation of how features are organized into patterns. In addition to paying attention to features and applying gestalt principle, in order to quickly identify patterns, we will also apply them to knowledge related to situations, situational information and knowledge about prototypes or best examples.

2) Working memory

Working memory is not only a short-term storage in voice ring and visual space template, but also a processing guided by central execution system. It is the workbench of conscious thinking. In order to keep information active in working memory for more than 20 seconds, people need to repeat it in a holding way and in detail, which is also helpful for new information to enter long-term memory. The problem of limited working memory capacity can be solved by controlling the processing of the main block.

3) The definition of cognitive load and the way it affects information processing.

Cognitive load refers to the capacity of cognitive resources, including perception, attention and memory needed to complete tasks. These resources are not only used to organize and understand tasks, but also to analyze solutions and ignore irrelevant stimuli. If the cognitive load is too heavy, it will reduce or even inhibit the individual's ability to perform tasks.

1) Compare declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and self-regulation knowledge.

Declarative knowledge is knowledge that can be expounded, usually in the form of words or other symbols. Declarative knowledge means "knowing what it is", procedural knowledge means "knowing how to do it", and he must explain it through argument. Self-regulated knowledge means "knowing when and why". Declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge are used.

2) How information is represented in long-term memory and the role of schema.

Memory can be explicit or implicit. In long-term memory, a large amount of information is stored or correlated through propositional networks or representations and diagrams. Concepts are categories used to group the same events, ideas, objects or people, such as books, classmates or cats. Concepts provide a way to organize the diversity of group members. People often use prototypes and examples to represent concepts. Long-term memory contains concepts that enable people to identify and identify group members. We use diagrams to organize propositional representations and concepts. A chart is a kind of structure, which allows us to represent a lot of complex information, reason and understand the information.

3) Improve the learning process of long-term memory.

The method used when learning knowledge for the first time will affect the degree to which knowledge can be recalled later. An important requirement is to integrate new materials with knowledge that has been stored in long-term memory through fine processing, organization and situation. Another viewpoint of memory is the processing level theory, which holds that the amount of information recalled depends on how it is processed.

4) Forgetting principle

The loss of information in working memory means that the information is really gone, but if the clues are extracted properly, the information in working memory can still be accessed. With the passage of time, the information in memory seems to decline for a long time, and interference may also make the information in long-term memory forgotten.

1) expounds three methods of developing declarative knowledge.

When we combine new information with existing understanding, declarative knowledge is formed. The most effective and useful way to learn and remember is to understand and use new information. It is very important to make the information to be memorized meaningful, which is usually the biggest challenge for teachers. Memorization helps memory, including location method, abbreviation method, chain memory method and keyword method. A powerful but limited method is mechanical memorization. The results of partial learning and decentralized learning can provide the most powerful support.

2) Basic methods of developing procedural knowledge

Two kinds of procedural knowledge, basic skills of automation and strategies in specialized fields can be learned in different ways. The development of automation skills needs to go through three stages: cognition, connection and automation. Cognition refers to following the steps or instructions introduced by declarative knowledge, connection refers to merging individual steps into large units, and automation refers to completing the whole program without much attention. Necessary preparatory knowledge and exercises with feedback will help students get through these stages smoothly. Professional domain strategy is the skill that people consciously use and organize their own thoughts and actions to achieve their goals. In order to support this practice, teachers need to provide students with opportunities to practice and apply in many different situations.