Zhou Dunyi (10 17 ~ 1073), originally named Dunshi, was born in Daozhouying Road (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province). China was a philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, and one of the "five sons of the Northern Song Dynasty". In his later years, he taught in the Lianxi Bookstore in Lushan Mountain, so he was also called "Mr. Lianxi" by the world, and his study was "Lianxue".
Zhou Dunyi established the ontology of "Infinite Taiji" in Confucian philosophy. He believes that the origin of the world is an absolute entity, which is real, not material, all-encompassing and empty. This absolute body produces yin and yang, five elements and everything.
Zhou Dunyi's academic thought comes from the study of Zhouyi, and explains everything in the universe with the theory of Zhouyi. At the same time, he corresponded the perfect nature of human beings with "Gan Yuan". In his view, human nature comes from sincerity, and sincerity comes from Gan Yuan.
Whether he matches the Book of Changes or not, after all, he has opened up a new way for the study of Confucianism.
2. Two-way new Confucianism
Er Cheng was a philosopher and educator in the Northern Song Dynasty, Cheng Hao (1032 ~ 1085) and Cheng Yi (1033 ~107). Cheng Cheng is a brother, and his classmate Yu Dunyi founded Luoxue, which laid the foundation of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
In philosophy, Cheng Zhengtong regards "reason" as the highest category of philosophy and thinks that everything comes from one "reason". Where there is "reason", there is "qi", and qi converges into all mankind. To understand this "principle", we need to know it by knowing things. Cheng Hao further believes that when we understand the "truth" of objective things, we must blend with the inner truth in order to obtain "true knowledge".
Cheng Yi believes that "reason" is inherent in human heart, and advocates the self-cultivation mode of "seeking from the inside". Through "eliminating people's desires" and "preserving the principle of nature", he further demonstrated the ethical concept of "restraining self-interest and maintaining discipline". Cheng Yi also put forward the theory of "Qi-nature", arguing that a person's virtue and stupidity are determined by innate Qi-nature, which denies the elements of acquired cultivation.
Two-way theory is the inheritance and development of Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty. Cheng's different cognitive views led to the division of Neo-Confucianism, which provided ideological factors for the formation of two schools of Neo-Confucianism and Mind Studies in the Southern Song Dynasty.
His major works include Complete Works of Er Cheng, Understanding Benevolence by Cheng Hao, and Biography of Cheng's Family in Zhouyi by Cheng Yi.
3. Zhu Xi who "saves righteousness and destroys human desires"
Zhu Zi (1 130 ~ 1200) was named Xi. Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Jiangxi) people. China was a philosopher in the Southern Song Dynasty and a master of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties. Because he was born in Fujian, the school he founded was called "Fujian Studies".
In the view of cosmology, Zhu believes that reason is the origin of the world, which is born in all things and exists. Regarding the relationship between reason and qi, he put forward the viewpoints of "reason and qi depend on each other" and "reason lies in qi". In understanding this "truth", he believes that everyone has a "known truth" in his heart, which only needs to be realized through a new understanding of things.
Zhu pushed his Neo-Confucianism into the field of social morality and put forward the idea of "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires", which opposed righteousness and human desires and was ascetic.
Zhu's Neo-Confucianism has brought another prosperity to Confucianism, which has always regarded itself as orthodox. It was regarded as the official philosophy in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which had a far-reaching impact on China society. Open and conservative
1. Huang Zongxi's thought
Huang Zongxi (16 10 ~ 1695) was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang. China was a thinker, philosopher and thinker during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
His father died in the struggle with the eunuch, and he himself was the enemy of the eunuch. After entering the customs, he participated in the anti-Qing struggle for eight years, and mainly engaged in academic research and lectures in his later years. He actively advocated learning natural science and technology and practiced it.
His philosophical thought is mainly the theory of principle and qi. He believes that "there is only one breath between heaven and earth" and that "when a person is born, he depends on one breath, and it is unreasonable to have no breath".
Huang Zongxi summed up the lessons of national subjugation and attached great importance to the reform of political system. He lashed out at imperial power and autocracy. He erased the light from the emperor's head to fool the people, saying that the emperor was always selfish and caused great harm to the world. They "do not hesitate to poison the liver and brain of the world and disperse the children of the world for their own benefit." He also mercilessly criticized the "program of monarch and minister" that ruled China society for two thousand years, and thought that ministers should put people first, instead of being victims of one family name. He advocated the restriction and supervision of the monarchy, and he also called for personal liberation and freedom of thought, which was an advanced thought in the world of17th century.
2. Gu's practical thinking
Gu (16 13 ~ 1682), a native of Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, is called Mr.. In the late Ming Dynasty, he joined the "Fuxing Society" and opposed eunuchs and powerful people. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, he lived a wandering life for 25 years after failing to resist the Qing dynasty.
Philosophically, he believes that the origin of all things in the world is material qi, and the survival of all things is only the accumulation and dispersion of qi. Explain the laws of things and concrete things with "Tao" and "Qi". Without the "device", there would be no "Tao" method.
In political thought, Wang Fuzhi's image Gu thought that imperial power should not be supreme, and even put forward the slogan of decentralization: "Take the power of the world and make the people of the world rich". Use "country" and "world" to distinguish the difference between national subjugation and national subjugation. National subjugation is the death of the emperor's family and surname; The destruction of the world is political corruption, moral decay and killing each other. The demise of the dynasty is a matter of power, and the general public does not need to be loyal to it. Gu pays more attention to the study of the national economy and people's livelihood. He emphasized practical application and advocated pragmatism.
3. Wang Fuzhi's philosophical contribution
Wang Fuzhi (16 19 ~ 1692), a philologist, wrote many works in his life, with more than 400 volumes in all. China was a thinker and philosopher in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Wang Fuzhi also summed up the lessons of the Ming Dynasty's demise, believing that it had a lot to do with the theory of "reason", and especially criticized the fallacy of "preserving heaven and destroying human desires". It is believed that only the reasonable satisfaction of human desires is meaningful.
His outstanding contribution is that in philosophy, Wang Fuzhi pushed China's simple materialist dialectics to a new height. He put forward that matter and movement are inseparable, movement is universal, quantitative change and qualitative change, and the opposite of contradiction is interdependence and transformation, which is beyond the predecessors and reflects the essence of philosophy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
4. Gong Zizhen-a model of intellectuals
Gong Zizhen (1792 ~ 184 1) was born in a bureaucratic family. He boldly exposed the darkness and corruption of the bureaucracy. He can't stand the political silence, talent destruction and ideological suppression under feudal autocracy. His famous sentence "Kyushu is furious, and thousands of horses are sad to study." I urge God to regain his spirit, healthy talents and not stick to one pattern ",which is widely read by the world. He is looking forward to the great social changes that can bring vitality to a nation. His political theory and integrity are models of progressive intellectuals.
5. Yan Fu-the communicator of new knowledge
Yan Fu (1854 ~ 192 1) was an enlightenment thinker in modern China, and one of the representatives who sought truth from the west. He studied naval knowledge for the first batch of students studying in Europe in the Qing court. After returning to China, he worked in the Naval Academy. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, he actively publicized and introduced western science and technology and social thoughts, criticized the corrupt rule of the Qing government and advocated political reform.
Yan Fu's greatest contribution in the history of modern philosophy in China is to explain the theory of evolution by translating Huxley's theory of evolution. He applied the theory of evolution to China society and expounded his "natural evolution philosophy".
The progressive thought brought by Yan Fu's evolutionism has a positive progressive effect on inspiring the people of China to save the country, transform the country and cheer up their spirits.