Answer: (1) Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is to adopt different teaching methods according to their individual characteristics and differences, mainly to solve the contradiction between unified requirements and individual differences in teaching. Yazi is the first educator in the history of China who advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. He advocates that only by knowing students can we make an accurate evaluation of students and carry out targeted education according to specific conditions. (2) Inspiration and induction. Confucius was the first educator in the world who proposed heuristic teaching. Confucius believes that both moral cultivation and knowledge learning should be based on students' conscious needs, give full play to students' initiative, oppose mechanical learning and advocate heuristic teaching. (3) Pay equal attention to learning and thinking. "Learning and knowing" is the dominant idea of Confucius' teaching, and learning is the only way and means to seek knowledge. Confucius also stressed that learning knowledge should be "used", learning is a means rather than an end, doing is the ultimate goal, and doing is more important than learning. Thinking from learning is a learning process, that is, an educational process, which basically conforms to people's general cognitive process. (4) The thinking methods of training students put forward by Confucius are as follows: ① "returning from a blog", that is, learning to get more specific instructions. Returning from work is based on the analysis of specific affairs, a comprehensive summary and the formation of basic principles and methods. 2 "two-headed buckle": think about the problem from the positive and negative aspects of things, and then solve the problem. This method pays attention to the opposite of things and accords with dialectics. The key of heuristic teaching is whether students' learning enthusiasm can be mobilized.