The educational management system in Britain is relatively streamlined from the administrative system to the internal institutions of schools. As far as educational administration is concerned, it is only vertically divided into two levels: the central government and the city (county). The central administrative department of education is the Federal Ministry of Education, which is directly under the leadership of the Minister of Education and manages national education. The local education administrative department is the municipal (county) education bureau, which accepts the leadership of the Ministry of Education and the municipal (county) administrative department and manages the affairs of the subordinate education departments. As far as the internal organization of the school is concerned, the principal responsibility system is implemented in Britain under the leadership of the school board, which is the decision-making body of the school. The principal is the administrative head of the school, responsible to the school board, implementing the resolutions of the school board and presiding over the daily administrative affairs of the school. The level of legalization of education management in Britain is relatively high, first of all, it is reflected in the sound system of education laws and regulations. There are more than 20 national education laws and regulations promulgated by the Federal Parliament alone. In addition, local councils and governments have formulated a series of education laws and policies, covering almost all aspects of education management. Secondly, the national education has a strong concept of legal system, and knowing and abiding by the law has become a conscious behavior of citizens. In Britain, anyone who doesn't act according to the law will be regarded as a disgrace and severely punished by the law. Thirdly, the government's management behavior and the school's internal management activities clearly show the characteristics of law-abiding, rule-based, rule-based and orderly. The independent legal person status of the school is quite clear. In the absence of a clear legal basis, city and county governments and education administrative departments shall not interfere with school management at will. The education, teaching and daily life behaviors of teachers and students are also very standardized, and there are few people and things that violate the rules. Reduce levels and strengthen social supervision.
Education management in the United States is decentralized. Although the central government restored the Ministry of Education in the 1980s, its organization was streamlined and its personnel were reduced, which mainly played the role of planning, guidance and coordination. In the management at the central and national levels, the state is the main one. The central government does not interfere in local educational administrative affairs except legislation and appropriation. In the relationship between local education administrative organs and schools, the autonomy of running schools is emphasized. The leadership of local education administrative departments to schools is mainly reflected in: formulating curriculum quality standards, conducting inspection and evaluation, and putting forward reform suggestions; According to the actual situation of running a school, determine the funding standard; Selection, appointment, assessment and training of principals. Educational institutions in states and school districts are relatively simple. Generally, there is an education committee in this state, which is composed of 10 members, five of whom are elected by influential companies, units and parents of students in this state, and the other five are appointed by the governor. Nominated and voted by the Education Committee, an education expert group leader is elected to form a public school office, which is equivalent to the education department and bureau of our country and leads the professional work of Quanzhou education. American schools should accept social supervision, and communities should set up education committees to elect representatives from all walks of life and parents of students as members of the education committees. The school education plan and reform plan shall be submitted to the Committee for discussion and approval before implementation. The principal of an American school is the chief executive of the school, who is responsible to the director of education, implements the relevant resolutions of the school district education Committee and manages the daily administrative affairs of the school. Apart from macro guidance, the government does not interfere with the specific business of the school. Therefore, American public schools have greater initiative in running schools. Combination of centralization and decentralization
France is a centralized country, which has long been highly centralized in education management. The government attaches great importance to education, establishes the priority position of education, and emphasizes the equal rights and opportunities for citizens to receive education; It is stipulated that primary and secondary schools should implement the contract system of schools, parents and students; Set up a "National Syllabus Committee" to regularly review and revise the educational content, reform the academic system and simplify the examination; Strengthen the construction of teachers, encourage university graduates to teach, establish teacher training colleges, and emphasize the necessity of teachers' continuing education; Attach importance to educational reform, with emphasis on eliminating bureaucracy in educational management and strengthening technical education, and emphasizing the close combination of education, scientific research and enterprise development. France emphasizes the unification of education management and the vertical management of basic education by the Ministry of Education. The structure of basic education is unified throughout the country, with five years in primary school, four years in junior high school and three years in senior high school. Junior high school is divided into three stages: adaptation stage, intermediate stage and professional orientation stage. The high school stage is divided into definite stage and final stage. French primary and secondary schools implement the principal responsibility system. As a member of the school, the principal is both a principal and a teacher. French principals, like teachers, are national civil servants. The right of appointment is in the state, not in the school, and the salary is paid directly by the Ministry of Education. France is very strict in the selection of principals, paying attention to both qualifications and experience. Teachers who compete for the position of principal must pass strict examinations and training. These measures not only ensure the quality of the headmaster, but also improve his authority. The state government enjoys full autonomy and autonomy.
Germany is a federal country, and the federal government and the state governments have a clear division of labor in education management. The federal constitution stipulates: "the whole education is supervised by the States, and the legislative management of education and science is mainly the responsibility of the federal States." The power of the federal government in the field of education is mainly exercised by the Federal Ministry of Education, but the overall education diplomacy and teacher treatment are the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of the Interior. German state governments enjoy full autonomy and autonomy in education management, and the basic principles in the field of education are not decided by the competent authorities of the federal government, but agreed by the States. There is no unified national law on primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher learning in Germany. On the contrary, each state independently manages and develops school education within the scope of the Constitution, and promulgates various special laws and regulations. To stipulate the establishment, maintenance and development of schools at all levels; Organize the training and further study of teachers; Strengthen the supervision and management of schools; Responsible for the student status, tuition and miscellaneous fees, textbook fees and education subsidies. This management mode leads to the development of school education in each state with its own characteristics. German primary and secondary schools implement the principal responsibility system as in Britain. You must be an excellent teacher to be qualified to compete for the position of principal.