Irkutsk region is located in the south of the central Siberian plateau, west of Lake Baikal, and borders Mongolia in the south, covering an area of 767,900 square kilometers. It has a continental climate with a long cold period.
Basic introduction
Chinese name: mbth, Irkutsk: иркутсккккекуллицл??кекккк1082 World Heritage: Basic information, historical evolution, natural environment, river hydropower, major mineral deposits and forest vegetation of Lake Baikal. Rehabilitation and Prevention, Mountain Skiing, Winter Sports, City Honor, Science Center, Basic Information Irkutsk Region is located in the south of the Central Siberian Plateau, west of Lake Baikal, bordering Mongolia in the south, with an area of 767,900 square kilometers and a population of 2.784 million (1987). Russians account for 87%, followed by Ukrainians, Belarusians and Tatars. The autonomous region of Ordinski Buryat, which manages Ust. Industry is mainly mining (coal, iron, gold, mica, gypsum, talc, rock salt and so on. ), electric power, aluminum smelting, oil refining and petrochemical industries, mining machinery, wood processing and pulp and paper making. Animal husbandry is dominated by cattle and sheep. Planting is concentrated along the southern railway, and the crops are mainly wheat. Siberian Railway and Baya Railway meet in Schet, where water transportation is developed, and the oil pipeline in Tyumen Oilfield ends. The main cities are Angarsk, Bratzke and Soglia (Siberia). Irkutsk Aircraft Factory produces Su -30 and Jacques 130. Irkutsk, the capital of Irkutsk, was founded in 16 1 and 1937. Mostly mountainous, with an average elevation of 500 -700 meters. The northern and central parts are part of the Central Siberian Plateau, the eastern Sayan Mountains are in the southwest, and the mountains along Lake Baikal and the Stanov Plateau are in the east. The Angara River, Lena River and its tributary Vidim River pass through. Temperate continental climate, 65438+ 10, the average temperature in October ranges from-15℃ in the south to-33℃ in the north; July is 17℃- 19℃. The annual precipitation is 350-430mm. Coal, iron, nonferrous metals, forests and water resources are abundant. Historical Evolution Irkutsk region also developed with the development of trans-siberian railway, and was established in 1937. Irkutsk region is located in the south of eastern Siberia. It is adjacent to the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Tuva, Krasnoyarsk and the Republic of Saha, and is connected to Chita in the east. Natural environment Irkutsk region belongs to continental climate. The average temperature in January ranges from-15℃ in the south to -33℃ in the north. The average temperature in June ranges from 65438 07℃ in the north to 65438 09℃ in the south. The precipitation in the north and mountainous areas is about 400 mm, and there are permafrost zones all the year round. The state is rich in forest soil, and three-quarters of the land is covered with coniferous forests. Irkutsk region is divided into 28 districts, 2 1 city. Cities with a population of over 654.38 million include Irkutsk, Angarsk and Bratzke. Irkutsk region has a population of about 3 million, with 80% of the urban population, more than 80% of Irkutsk region are Russians and the rest are Mongolians. The rivers in Lake Baikal can irrigate the Yenisei River Basin (angara, Lower Tunguska River) and the Lena River (Vidim River, Kiriga River). Lake Baikal is located in the state. Lake Baikal has 20% fresh water on the earth. The total potential reserves of hydropower resources in Irkutsk are estimated to be 200 billion kilowatts per hour to 250 billion kilowatts per hour, of which the theoretical available resources are about 654.38+09 billion kilowatts per hour. Three hydropower stations have been established in Irkutsk region-Angar Hydropower Station with a total power of 965,438+0 GW, with an annual power generation of 50 billion kW/ hour; The hydropower station in Mamagan District (a tributary of Vidim River) has a power of about 65,438+000 MW and an annual power generation of 400 million kW/ hour. Irkutsk, the main mineral deposit, is rich in natural resources. There are huge reserves of gold ore and hydrocarbon raw materials, rare metals (niobium, tantalum, lithium, rubidium) and 47 kinds of precious and colorful decorative stones (celestite, wollastonite, etc.). ), edible salt and potassium salt, iron, manganese, titanium and mineral building materials (magnesite, dolomite, etc. ) on state land. Mineral resources: we can develop and investigate coal mines, precious stones and potassium salts, hydrocarbon raw materials, refractory soil, broad-spectrum building materials, iron ore and mineral fertilizers. There are high-quality Lena River gold mine, Mamsko-Chu Iske mica mine, East Sayansk rare metal mine and various mining and mineral chemical raw materials areas in the geological fold area of Irkutsk. There are talcum powder, cement, limestone, decorative stone, gem raw materials, non-mineral raw materials for metallurgical industry and other raw materials in this area. In addition, manganese, diamonds, polymetallic ores, tin, natural sulfur and existing high-quality traditional mineral raw materials have been discovered in Irkutsk. About 76% of the forest vegetation in Irkutsk is covered by forests, and the wood reserves reach 9.2 billion cubic meters, accounting for more than 10% of the Russian wood reserves. Irkutsk is a large timber base in Russia and the second largest timber base in the Russian Federation after krasnoyarskiy kray. The quality index-the reserve concentration and the degree of development and utilization of improved trees are excellent. Many mineral raw materials in this state are associated minerals: Verhe Joskoye (oil), Cobeque Jinskoye (natural gas), Suhorozhkoye (gold), Nepskoye (potassium salt), Belozminskoye (niobium, tantalum), Savinskoye (celestite) and Mukunskoye (coal). Irkutsk forest vegetation tourism Irkutsk is a Russian place name, including Irkutsk region and Irkutsk city. Irkutsk is located in the south of the central Siberian plateau and the west of Lake Baikal. South borders Mongolia. Irkutsk is called "the heart of Siberia", "Paris of the East" and "Pearl of Siberia", and the urban area and residential area are connected by natural birch forest. The Angara River runs through the city, and there is a bridge connecting the southeast end of Lake Baikal. After the Angara River flows out of Lake Baikal, it forms a big lake bay, called the Irkutsk Sea, with pleasant scenery. There are more than 1500 knowledge-based tourist attractions in Irkutsk region, among which Lake Baikal Railway, a unique engineering building with world significance, was built in the 20th century, designed and built by Italian and Russian engineers, and its complexity and value are unparalleled in the history of Russian-Russian railway construction. In this short railway around Lake Baikal, 39 tunnels and 47 corridors have been built. Every year, many passengers take the railway around Lake Baikal for sightseeing. In summer, the electric express tourist train around Lake Baikal pulls more than 6,000 tourists on the railway around Lake Baikal. Irkutsk, the capital of eastern Siberia, is one of the few cities in Russian history that have made outstanding contributions to national development, with a city age of more than 300 years. Irkutsk is one of the most attractive cities in Russia. Architectural monuments 1970 is listed in the list of historical cities of architectural monuments. There are about 1 1,300 historical architectural cultural heritages in Irkutsk, of which 50 1 is a national or state-level cultural heritage and is protected by the state. Among the cities in Siberia, Irkutsk has the most ancient buildings and unique stone decorations. The wooden house block in Irkutsk has also been completely preserved. On the high bank of the Angar River, 47 kilometers away from Irkutsk, there is a unique place-the open-air museum. This wooden national architectural museum in Talts has gathered more than 40 architectural monuments, telling the daily and cultural life characteristics of people along Lake Baikal from 17 to the 20th century. The real farmhouses here have wooden houses, spacious courtyards and warehouses. You can go to the wooden house and take some photos beside the ancient spinning wheel, high bed and Russian stove. Russian wine is very interesting. Go to a small Russian bar, try Russian pancakes and caviar, and have some Marin jam tea. In Russian villages, there are villages built by Buryats with tents, as well as nomadic camps of Ewenki and Dover, other ancient nationalities in Siberia. In addition, there are 6 large sanatoriums and 10 sanatoriums in this area. Nursing homes in Irkutsk can effectively treat and regularly prevent various diseases, such as blood circulation, nervous system, exercise tissue, digestive system, genitourinary system, respiratory system, male and female diseases and so on. Mountain skiing In addition, Irkutsk region also has great potential in the field of mountain skiing and leisure sports. There are 7 mountain skiing centers in Irkutsk region, of which 3 are the most famous mountain skiing resorts. Representatives of large sanatoriums include the tourist base around Lake Baikal, the tourist base of Lake Baikal Hotel (Listvyanka Town) and the tourist base of Mount Sibal (Lake Baikal City). These tourist centers can provide comprehensive mountain skiing tourism services and various sports services (such as mountain skiing, snowboarding, skiing, mountaineering, free skiing, extreme sports, etc.). Mountain skiing, leisure and winter sports Irkutsk region attaches great importance to the development of tourism. The tourism development plan for the period of 20 10 was formulated. Lake Baikal Tourism International Tourism Exhibition and International Winter Sports Competition Festival, which are of great significance in tourism, are held every year. In the process of participating in tourism exhibitions at home and abroad, Irkutsk * * * distributed its own publicity catalogue, promotional videos and TV programs, and established the information website of the Tourism Bureau. The state has done a lot of work in attracting investment and developing tourism in Lake Baikal. The country * * * also participated in the competition to establish a special economic zone for tourism and leisure in Listvyanka. City Honor Irkutsk (иркутск), the second largest city in eastern Siberia, was founded in 166 1 and has a history of 356 years. It is the largest industrial city, transportation and commercial center in Siberia and the closest city to Lake Baikal. Located at the southern end of Lake Belga. The confluence of the angara and Irkutsk rivers. With a population of about 800,000, it has a continental climate with a long cold period. Known as the "heart of Siberia", "Paris of the East" and "Pearl of Siberia", the urban area and residential area are connected by natural birch forest. Irkutsk city is 467 meters above sea level; The average temperature in January is -20℃, and that in July is 65438 07℃. 5 hours earlier than Moscow time. The average annual precipitation here is about 400 mm. Due to the adjustment of Lake Baikal, the average temperature in June is-15℃ in 5438+ 10, and in summer, the average temperature in July is 19℃, which is a good place for summer vacation. The Angara River runs through the city, and there is a bridge connecting the southeast end of Lake Baikal. After the Angara River flows out of Lake Baikal, it forms a big lake bay, called the Irkutsk Sea, with pleasant scenery. Irkutsk, the only big industrial city in Siberia, has played different roles in the history of nearly 350 years, including Siberian research base, exile and gold rush city. /kloc-In the late 9th century, gold was discovered in the Lena River, and the Siberian gold rush began. People flock here, hoping to be called rich. Irkutsk is the only big industrial city in Siberia, with developed industries such as machinery manufacturing, wood manufacturing, furniture, food and construction. There are large aluminum smelters and cable factories. There are traditional industries that supply fur to the world, especially mink, which are world-famous. /kloc-in the 9th century, it became an important trade transshipment point between China and Russia, which was built after the opening of trans-siberian railway and the mining of nearby coalfields. Now it is an important station of railway and international aviation, with many routes flying to various places. It is the hub leading to the Lena River basin and the base for developing angara. Siberian fortress city 16 1- 1669 became the fortress city of Siberia, and 1764 became the capital of eastern Siberia. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, it became an important transit point for Sino-Russian trade. Rivers, ports, railways and international air stations. With the opening of trans-siberian railway and the exploitation of nearby coalfields, it rose. Industry is mainly machinery manufacturing (heavy machinery, machine tools, cables) and machine maintenance, and there are light industry departments such as building materials, mica processing and food. Selikhov is located in the southwest of the city18km, with a large aluminum smelter and cable factory. This city is the foundation of Angara's development. It is also the gateway of Siberia to Lake Baikal and the southern part of the Far East, as well as Mongolia and China, and the hub to the Lena River basin. As an important cultural center in eastern Siberia, there are many institutions of higher learning and the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The city is divided into four districts by three rivers, with the right bank of Anjia River as the downtown, the left bank as the industrial zone, the left bank of Irkut River as the hydropower hub and the left bank of ushakov River as the heavy machinery factory. The oldest university town in eastern Siberia has the oldest Irkutsk State University in eastern Siberia, the Second Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences, the Baikal Institute of Limnology and other first-class scientific and technological research institutions. As an important cultural center in eastern Siberia, Irkutsk has many universities and scientific research institutions, such as the Eastern Siberia Branch of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. So that the local thought writer wrote: "I have never been to Irkutsk, but I have never been to Siberia." There is a large Irkutsk hydropower station on the angara River near the city, as well as Pogoyavlin Church, Spask Church, ToLaszka Church, Baikal Ecological Museum and other attractions. Irkutsk State University was founded on1October 27th, 19 18. Its establishment marks the beginning of higher education in Siberia and the Far East. After its establishment, the university soon became an education, scientific research and cultural center from Yenisei River to the Pacific coast. Irkutsk State University has become an important educational institution of natural science and humanities. The teaching system includes six scientific directions: scientific research, four research institutes (applied physics, petroleum and coal chemical synthesis, ecology and regional social science research institute) and new information technology center. Irkutsk State University's World Heritage Lake Baikal Irkutsk is also famous for its Lake Baikal, 66 kilometers east. Lake Baikal was successfully declared as a United Nations World Heritage Site on 1996. Lake Baikal is the deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world and has the reputation of "bright eyes of Siberia". Lake Baikal is the oldest lake in the world, which was formed about 25 million years ago. The lake is formed by stratigraphic faults and covers an area of 3 1500 square kilometers. The long and narrow lake is 636 kilometers from northeast to southwest, with a maximum width of 79.5 kilometers, the deepest point in the middle 1.637 meters and a water volume of 23,000 cubic kilometers. More than 336 rivers, large and small, flow into it. There are 27 islands in the lake, and the largest island, Olhon Island, covers an area of 730 square kilometers. The lake is crystal clear, the forest near the lake is quiet, sunny and pleasant. Now it has become a famous holiday resort. Fish is rich in variety, and animal resources are also extremely rich. There are more than 1 150 species of organisms and about 1080 species of plants in the lake. From Beijing to Moscow by train and riding along Lake Baikal, there will be 6 hours for tourists to enjoy the lakes and mountains. Baikal Science Center Irkutsk Science Center is one of the largest science centers in East Russia, with 15 scientific research institutions, as well as many universities and colleges, offering more than 260 specialties. The number of industrial experts and scientific potential make Irkutsk an ideal investment place.
How many people can Irkutsk support? 68600 people. Irkutsk region can support 68,600 people during its development and is an important agricultural production base in the Russian Far East. Irkutsk is the capital of Irkutsk in Russia. It has a history of more than 300 years and is the largest industrial city in Siberia.
Do Irkutsk people want to go to Moscow? Irkutsk is the largest city in Angara (ангара), which is built near Belga. It takes about five hours to fly to Moscow. Locals like to call Irkutsk "the cultural capital of East Siberia". Let's see where it is on the map!
Irkutsk began in 166 1, when Irkutsk fortress was on the right bank of Angara River, and 1686 officially gained the city status. It is worth mentioning that the local people have been arguing about whether Irkutsk was established as 166 1 or 1686. So in order to avoid conflicts, they celebrated the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city on 1986 and the 350th anniversary on 201.That's great. We can have two birthdays.
This is Russian!
Irkutsk's name comes from the Irkutsk River which runs through the city. In addition, there is another river that runs through the city-Angara River. In fact, many Russian cities are named after rivers.
Irkutsk has always been a commercial city, because all important trade routes from China pass through here. This trade route brought sugar, tea and cloth to Irkutsk residents. At that time, the poorest women in Irkutsk wore silk, because the price of silk was much lower than that of cotton and flax. Also, fur, for example, is produced locally in Irkutsk, and it is also very cheap.
Because of the bad weather, living in Irkutsk has always been regarded as a punishment by Russians. In the past, those criminals were often exiled here to do hard work or settle down here. The most famous exiles were The Decemberists party member during the Soviet Revolution, who made great contributions to Irkutsk's development into a cultural center. In order to make people live a better life, they organize schools to teach people to read and write.
1890, Chekhov visited Siberia. In his travel records, he called Irkutsk a "smart city", and now it is mentioned in all Russian historical reference materials. Interestingly, the great writer Chekhov not only paid attention to the local culture, but also visited the bathroom and enjoyed the beautiful women.
During the civil war, колчак was located in Irkutsk, but he was arrested and shot on the way. Admiral kolchak is one of the local legends in Irkutsk. 19 19, his ship sank into Lake Baikal. It is said that it is full of gold. But so far, no one has found the legendary "Gold of kolchak".
194 1 the Soviet patriotic war brought another prosperity to Irkutsk's economy and culture. Many scientists, professors and academicians immigrated to Irkutsk and taught in universities, which laid the foundation for Irkutsk's education.
After the war, the industrial boom began, and Irkutsk established its own hydropower station and aircraft factory, but many of them closed down in the 1990s.
-50 to +35, bad weather in Irkutsk.
As mentioned in the title above, Irkutsk has a bad climate and belongs to continental climate. Typical is Leng Xia heat in winter, heavy snow in winter and heavy rain in summer. Heavy snow blocked all roads and rain flooded many low-lying areas.
It is still snowing in Irkutsk in April, and local citizens are usually not surprised by this phenomenon.
Because it is close to Lake Baikal, all earthquakes in Irkutsk are frequent, and at least one small earthquake of magnitude 2-3 occurs every month. This will only scare people who have just arrived in Irkutsk, and the locals are used to it. Therefore, scientists listed Irkutsk in the list of 35 cities with the worst living environment in Russia. In addition to poor natural conditions, there are also local air pollution caused by automobile exhaust emissions and thermal power generation.
However, the residents of Irkutsk are not worried about this. They think Lake Baikal is the cleanest place on earth, and so is Irkutsk.
Urban population composition
By the beginning of 20 14, although only 6130,000 people lived in Irkutsk, there were 120 ethnic groups, and mixed blood was very common here. The harmonious coexistence of Orthodox churches, temples, Catholic cathedrals, Polish churches, mosques and synagogues in Irkutsk is incredible and can be ranked as the ninth wonder in the world!
From the early 1990s to the middle of February1century, the population of Irkutsk has been declining: the birth rate decreased and the death rate increased. People are leaving the city. However, in recent years, the situation has improved.
The average age of Irkutsk residents is 36. Due to the large number of students, this is slightly lower than the Russian average. At present, more than 654.38 million people are studying in Irkutsk universities. However, many young people can't find jobs in Irkutsk and go to Moscow, St. Petersburg or other big Siberian cities. The authorities don't know how to keep these young people now.
In Siberia, the suicide rate of Irkutsk residents is high. Experts explained that it is because the living standard is low and there is no future. Like all Siberian people, Irkutsk residents are not very open, enthusiastic and sensitive.
At present, the most serious problems in Irkutsk are lack of kindergartens, poor road quality and poor public transportation.
Today, in Irkutsk, nearly 26,000 children are waiting in line to enter kindergartens for education. The authorities are trying to solve this problem, but the measures taken provide as many as 400 new places every year. Compared with twenty-six thousand children, it's nine Niu Yi hairs. Many parents are forced to send their children to private kindergartens and pay a monthly fee of1-20,000 rubles.
Shanghai trade city
The most interesting market in Irkutsk is China Mall-Shanghai Trade City. The goods in the shopping mall are not arranged neatly, but you can buy many goods much cheaper than those in Russian stores. Almost everything can be bought here: clothes, tableware, toys, household appliances, carpets, mobile phone protective covers and so on. Many shops in Irkutsk come here to wholesale goods and then sell them at higher prices.
Shanghai Trade City is located in the center of Irkutsk, and the relevant departments tried to move the market to another location, but failed.
Irkutsk's most promising and profitable business is to open a restaurant. Currently, there are nearly 700 restaurants in Irkutsk, and the number is increasing every year. Residents of Irkutsk prefer to eat out rather than cook.
More interesting things about Irkutsk
How about studying in Irkutsk? Yes
Irkutsk State University, founded in 19 18, has become the largest and most powerful university in central and far eastern Russia. Irkutsk National University is located in the scenic city of Irkutsk, on the bank of Ankara, only a few tens of kilometers away from the famous Lake Baikal.
The school has more than 35,000 students and hundreds of thousands of graduates with professional expertise. The employment of graduates ranks 1 1 among more than 65438 universities in Russia.
There are 15 secondary colleges, 8 1 teaching and research sections, 2 17 education majors, 100 laboratories and 9/kloc-0 majors in technology, economy, humanities and art, which can train four-year undergraduate, two-year master and associate doctor.
One-stop study abroad strategy
Irkutsk population 2022 Irkutsk region is located in the south of the central plateau of Siberia, bordering Lake Baikal in the west and Mongolia in the south, with an area of 767,900 square kilometers and a population of 2.429 million (20 10 census). Russians account for 87%, followed by Ukrainians, Belarusians and Tatars. The autonomous region of Ordinski Buryat, which manages Ust. Industry is mainly mining (coal, iron, gold, mica, gypsum, talc, rock salt and so on. ), electric power, aluminum smelting, oil refining and petrochemical industries, mining machinery, wood processing and pulp and paper making. Animal husbandry is dominated by cattle and sheep. Planting is concentrated along the southern railway, and the crops are mainly wheat. Siberian Railway and North Arab Railway meet in Schet, where water transportation is developed, and the oil pipeline ends in Tyumen Oilfield. The main cities are Angarsk, Bratzke and Soglia (Siberia).
Irkutsk Aircraft Factory produces Su 30 and Jacques 130.
The capital Irkutsk was founded in 166 1 year and 1937. Mostly mountainous, with an average elevation of 500 -700 meters. The northern and central parts are part of Irkutsk in the central part of Siberia Plateau, the eastern Sayan Mountains in the southwest and the mountains along Lake Baikal and Stanov Plateau in the east. The Angara River, Lena River and its tributary Vidim River pass through. Temperate continental climate, with an average temperature of 65438+ 10 in October ranging from-15℃ in southern Irkutsk to -33℃ in northern Irkutsk; July is 17℃- 19℃. The annual precipitation is 350-430mm. Coal, iron, nonferrous metals, forests and water resources are abundant.
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The development of history
Irkutsk region also developed with the development of trans-siberian railway, and was founded in 1937. Irkutsk region is located in the south of eastern Siberia. It is adjacent to the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Tuva, Krasnoyarsk and the Republic of Saha, and is connected to Chita in the east.
There are five in all.
Irkutsk
On the afternoon of June 25, 2022, 5438+1October 25, Manzhouli City and Irkutsk City held an online signing ceremony to conclude a letter of intent on sister city relations. Yue, deputy secretary of Manzhouli Municipal Committee and mayor of Irkutsk, Russia, signed a letter of intent to establish sister city relations between the two cities through video. According to the signed letter of intent, the two governments will actively promote exchanges and cooperation between the two places in economy and trade, science and technology, culture and education, sports, health and youth policies, and further strengthen exchanges between the two places to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. The two cities will formally conclude twin cities relations when conditions are ripe. [7]
natural environment
Irkutsk region belongs to continental climate. The average temperature in January ranges from-15℃ in the south to -33℃ in the north. The average temperature in June ranges from 65438 07℃ in the north to 65438 09℃ in the south. The precipitation in the north and mountainous areas is about 400 mm, and there are permafrost zones all the year round. The state is rich in forest soil, and three-quarters of the land is covered with coniferous forests. Irkutsk region is divided into 28 districts, 2 1 city. Cities with a population of over 654.38 million include Irkutsk, Angarsk and Bratzke. Irkutsk region has a population of about 3 million, with 80% of the urban population, more than 80% of Irkutsk region are Russians and the rest are Mongolians.
Lake Baikal
River water energy
Yenisei River Basin (angara, Lower Tunguska River) and Lena River (Vidim River, Kiriga River). Lake Baikal is located in the state. Lake Baikal has 20% fresh water on the earth.
Hydropower energy
The total potential reserves of hydropower resources in Irkutsk are estimated to be 200 billion kilowatts per hour to 250 billion kilowatts per hour, of which the theoretical available resources are about 654.38+09 billion kilowatts per hour. Three hydropower stations have been established in Irkutsk region-Angar Hydropower Station with a total power of 965,438+0 GW, with an annual power generation of 50 billion kW/ hour, and Manmagan Hydropower Station (a tributary of the Vijimu River) with a power of about 65,438+000 MW and an annual power generation of 400 million kW/ hour.
Are Yakutsk and Irkutsk the same place? Yakutsk (Russian: якутск; English: Yakutsk is the capital of the Russian Republic of Sakha. Built in 1632, also known as "Ice City". Located in the middle reaches of the Lena River, it is the scientific, cultural and economic center of the Republic of Saha. Irkutsk is an important tourist city in Siberia. Irkutsk is located in the south of the central Siberian plateau and the west of Lake Baikal. South borders Mongolia.