1, the psychological definition of "emotion".

Psychology defines emotion as "a special form of human reflection on objective reality, which is the experience of people's attitude towards whether objective things meet people's needs."

2. Conversion of the definition of "emotion".

From this psychological definition, we can know that emotion is a subjective experience, attitude or reflection. It belongs to the category of subjective consciousness, not to the category of objective existence. Dialectical materialism holds that any subjective consciousness is a reflection of objective existence, and emotion is a special subjective consciousness, which inevitably corresponds to some special objective existence. The key to the problem is whether we can find this special objective existence.

2

purpose

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Emotion is a comprehensive psychological and physiological state of people's inner feelings, thoughts and behaviors, and it is a psychological response to external stimuli and an incidental physiological response. Such as: joy, anger, sadness, joy, etc. Emotion is a personal subjective experience and feeling, which is often related to mood, temperament, character and temperament.

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Sensory is the concept of thinking, a feeling, and emotion is a dependence. The interdependence of ideas is emotion. Emotion is the general name of a series of subjective cognitive experiences, and it is a psychological and physiological state produced by various feelings, thoughts and behaviors. The most common and popular emotions are joy, anger, sadness, surprise, fear, love and so on. And there are some subtle emotions such as jealousy, shame, shame and pride. Emotion often interacts with emotion, personality, temper, purpose and other factors, and is also influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters. Regardless of positive or negative emotions, people will be motivated to act. Although some behaviors caused by emotions seem unexpected, in fact, consciousness is an important part of producing emotions. People living in this colorful world have secular desires, joys and sorrows, and ever-changing emotional life.

Charles Darwin wrote a book "Emotional Expression between Man and Animals" at 1872. Darwin believed that emotions helped animals adapt to the environment. Expressing emotions has the same effect as showing the physical characteristics of animals. For example, when a dog's territory is violated, it will bark angrily, making the enemy think that it is more aggressive than it really is. Darwin believed that most emotions have a purpose, so they are the product of natural selection.

In order to survive, human beings must explore the environment (curiosity), spit out foreign objects that they accidentally eat (nausea), establish social relations (trust), avoid harm (fear), reproduce offspring (love), fight (anger), ask for help (crying), and do things that are beneficial to them repeatedly (joy). In the daily life of primitive human beings, emotion can make human beings automatically seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and make choices that are more conducive to survival. Although anger doesn't look good, in primitive tribes, it can make a person feel scared and build prestige. Shame and pride can urge a person to maintain his social status.

In social life, emotions help us:

Communicate with others, eg babies can communicate successfully without talking. Affect other people's attitudes towards us. Show goodwill, eg if not out of joy, just smile politely.

three

Biological explanation

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Everyone may experience different emotions in life, and different people also show great individual differences in each emotion. Originally, as far as the existence of the subject is concerned, it is a subjective phenomenon to evaluate the state change of affirmation or negation. However, because it also produces physical manifestations, we can study this point in biology and objectively examine the conditions and mechanisms of feeling. Emotional state changes weakly and continuously, which is called emotion, and changes strongly and violently, which is called emotion (joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, etc. ). Because there is a certain unified process of excitement, the body has changed obviously at this time, so it is easy to conduct biological research on many animals other than people, that is, when excited.

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Behavioral aspects:

For example, muscles become unable to move at will, or tremble at will, leading to a chaotic state that is usually invisible.

Therefore, as a means of studying excitement in biology. In addition to observing muscle reactions such as expression and posture, people should also measure breathing, pulse, blood pressure, brain waves and skin resistance. The last one is particularly sensitive and effective for the accurate analysis of excitement. This phenomenon is thought to be due to the increase of ion permeability of skin secretory gland cells (sweat gland and mucus gland) caused by the excitation of autonomic nerve center and sympathetic nerve, and the electrical conduction of secretion itself. The so-called "polygraph" is based on this principle.

four

dialectical relationship

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The relationship between emotion and value is subjective and objective, consciousness and existence, the latter is the basic problem of philosophy, so the relationship between value and emotion is also the basic problem of axiology and emotionalism. The relationship between value and emotion is dialectical unity, which is mainly manifested in four aspects.

First, emotion is based on value.

Emotion is people's subjective reflection of value. Although there will always be some deviations, even serious deviations and complete inversion in this kind of reflection, on the whole, the changes of emotion are always based on value, which are mainly manifested as follows: the basic state of emotion depends on the basic state of value, the overall scale of emotion depends on the overall scale of value, the scope of emotion depends on the scope of value, the mode of action of emotion depends on the mode of action of value, and the intensity and direction of emotion depend on the size of value. For businessmen, mutually beneficial economic exchanges are the objective basis for maintaining and developing mutual feelings. Without this reciprocity, the feelings between businessmen cannot last. For politicians, political mutual support and cooperation is the objective basis for maintaining and developing feelings. Without this kind of mutual assistance, the feelings between politicians can't last. For young men and women, mutual support and cooperation in work and life is the objective basis for maintaining and deepening love. Without such support and cooperation, the love between men and women cannot last. The friendship between friends mainly depends on their interests. Only by deepening the interest relationship between them can their friendship deepen. If there is a fundamental conflict of interest between them, their feelings will decay sooner or later and eventually become hatred.

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Second, the emotional response to value.

Emotion is not completely passive to value, it can produce a certain degree of reaction, mainly as follows:

First, emotion can prevent, inhibit, induce, transfer, strengthen or induce people's need for a certain value to a certain extent, and they can choose their own living environment and development direction relatively independently. People sometimes consciously suppress their desire for a certain value. Over time, this lust may really basically disappear, and people's objective demand for this value has indeed changed or shifted. People are usually willing to take the initiative to help those who feel good subjectively, and take the initiative to establish mutually beneficial relations with them, while avoiding those who feel bad subjectively, and even intentionally interrupt the existing mutually beneficial relations; People who work or live in a certain place are unhappy, sometimes they will resign or move, and they can quickly adapt to the new life and working environment.

Second, driven by emotion, people can react to things and add value to them. This is the fundamental difference between human beings and other animals. Of course, this kind of reaction can't be arbitrarily and infinitely imposed, but it can only be conditional and relatively limited, and it is subject to the decisive role of value on emotion as a whole. People's value creation activities driven by emotion must strictly follow the basic law of value and be carried out within its permitted scope.

Third, the relative independence of emotion.

People's emotions are generated and run in the brain, which is inevitably restricted and interfered by many factors inside the brain, thus deviating from the value it reflects to some extent. This deviation of emotions is the relative independence of emotions, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1, asynchronism in time If the value pattern changes, it will take some time for the corresponding new emotions to form and develop. In other words, the emergence, development and disappearance of new emotions can't keep up with the emergence, development and disappearance of new values, which needs to be delayed for a period of time. For example, when a stranger suddenly becomes your brother-in-law or brother-in-law, your good feeling for him usually won't be established immediately; People usually miss or miss their old friends who have left or died.

Step 2 measure differences

If the value changes, it is difficult to keep pace with the intensity of emotion. For example, some women don't hate their beloved man very much after being hurt or abandoned by him; On the contrary, some people get angry just because a few words are not speculative, and they will regret it afterwards.

3. Limitations of the method.

The changing way of value relationship is infinite, but the reflecting way of emotion is limited. People sometimes don't feel good about some complex and implied value relationships and their changes, showing a state of indifference. For example, when people are hurt by some toxic substances, they often don't feel it; People are sometimes kept in the dark when they are criticized; When the purchased goods are "gently" slaughtered by others, people may also thank him for his "preferential" price; When faced with extinction, people may still enjoy it.

4. Alienation in mechanism.

Some special emotions are completely divorced from the objective basis of value relationship, and even run counter to it, which is due to the alienation of human emotional mechanism. For example, deformed religions cultivate religious feelings that deny self and society, psychotropic drugs produce eccentric, illusory and uncontrollable emotions, excessive physical and mental stimulation leads to abnormal emotions, excessive physical pain leads to patients' longing for death, national hatred easily leads to people's worship of war maniacs, and extreme class struggle leads to extreme class hatred, and so on. However, this emotional alienation is only partial, temporary and relative in general.

The relative independence of emotions limits people's adaptability to complex value relationships and complex environments, but it helps to eliminate the interference of various external or internal factors on the emotional operation process and maintain the continuity and stability of value consumption activities and value creation activities.

Fourthly, there is a complex correspondence between emotion and value.

(1) is the functional correspondence of multivariate variables, not univariate variables.

⑵ It is the correspondence of statistical probability, not the correspondence of individual dynamics.

five

meaning

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The core content of human survival and development is the production and consumption of value, so the significance of emotion to human beings is that human beings rely on emotion to identify value, express value, distinguish value, calculate value, choose value and create value.

Recognized value

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Different types of stimulus information of external things are reflected in the brain through different sensory organs, which makes people form different understandings of the quality or attributes of things. People's sensory organs are divided into five categories: eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin, forming five sensory forms: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. Value is a special attribute of things. As a special stimulus information, it is attached to or implied in visual, auditory, taste, smell and tactile information, and acts on the brain through five types of sensory organs, making people form a specific sensory form: emotion. In a word, emotional feeling is a subjective perception process of the value relationship of things. In short, human beings recognize value through emotional feelings.

Express value

With the continuous development of social division of labor, the mutual cooperation between people is becoming more and more frequent and complex, and the interest relationship between people is getting closer and more changeable, which requires everyone to show their value relationship to others timely, accurately and effectively through emotional expression, so as to obtain effective cooperation from others; On the other hand, by recognizing the emotional expression of others, we can understand the value relationship of others in time, accurately and effectively, so as to cooperate with others better. There are three main ways to express people's emotions: facial expression, language tone expression and body posture expression.

Differentiated value

Mathematical emotionalism holds that the relationship between emotion and value is subjective and objective. No matter how erratic a person's mood is, he can find its value counterpart. Any emotional change can find its objective motivation from the change of value relationship. Different emotional expressions correspond to different value changes. Human beings reflect the value relationship and its changes of various things through different emotional models. People's emotional patterns are complex and diverse, which can be classified according to the different characteristics of the movement and change of the value relationship reflected by them. For example, according to the different directions of positive and negative changes in value, emotions can be divided into positive emotions and negative emotions; According to the intensity and duration of value, emotion can be divided into mood, enthusiasm and passion; According to the different basic value types of things, emotions can be divided into three types: true and false, good and evil, beauty and ugliness. According to different value goals, emotions can be divided into four categories: feelings for things, feelings for people, feelings for themselves and feelings for society.

computed value

People identify the value rate of things through values, identify the difference of value rate of things through emotions, and then calculate the value relationship between various objective things through the corresponding operation mode of emotions. Then, through the corresponding operation mode of will, they calculate the value generated by their corresponding actions and choose the best behavior plan.

internal agent

Because emotion is the subjective reflection of human value relationship, the evolution of emotion is fundamentally derived from the evolution of value relationship, that is, the evolution of human value relationship is the internal driving force to promote the evolution of human emotion.

The development process of human value relationship has both slow quantitative change and rapid qualitative change. It is a long, tortuous, natural, hierarchical and phased evolution process, so the development process of human emotion must have both slow quantitative change and rapid qualitative change, and it is also a long, tortuous, natural, hierarchical and phased evolution process. It is unscientific and idealistic to regard emotions as something unique to human beings, and it is also mechanical and dogmatic to simply divide emotions into instinctive emotions and active emotions.

Basic stage

According to the unified value theory, the evolution process of human value relationship can be divided into five basic stages: single-factor value, multi-factor value, variability value, diversity value and multi-level value, so human emotion also goes through five natural evolution stages accordingly.

(1) sexual emotions. This is the easiest way to evaluate the value. Extremely low-level organisms can only use a single physical and chemical characteristic to evaluate the value relationship, and have a tendency to choose-escape or approach, or light, heat, water or soil. Therefore, sexual emotion has formed a tendency to choose "single factor value", so it is also called "single factor emotion". For example, paramecium is close to oxalic acid

2 rigid emotions. This is a relatively simple evaluation method, and animals can perceive the value relationship with complex physical and chemical characteristics through several forms of unconditional reflection. However, this kind of emotion needs long-term evolution to be established and it is not easy to change.