First, from the initial analysis.
1, zh, ch, sh, R behind the tip of the tongue, and Z, C, S before the tip of the tongue are different from Mandarin.
In Putonghua, the tip of the tongue is divided into pre-tip sounds Z, C, S, mid-tip sounds D, T, N, L, and post-tip sounds zh, ch, sh, R ... In Huairen dialect, there is no distinction between pre-tip sounds and post-tip sounds, and they are all pronounced as pre-tip sounds. That is, only [? ]、[? ], [s] without [t? 】、【t？ ]、[? ]、[? ]。
For example, the word "finger" in the word "guidance" is pronounced [t? ], Huairen people read [? ]; Another example is the word "eat" in the word "eat". The pronunciation of Putonghua is [T], and that of Huairen people is []; Another example is the word "book" in the word "reading". The pronunciation of Putonghua is [? ], Huairen read [s? ]; And the pronunciation of the word "day" in Mandarin is [? ], Huairen people read [z? ]。
In other words, Huairen dialect has no children. Huairen people are used to reading all the children's words in Putonghua as pronunciations, that is, they will read "supreme" as "self-esteem", "brother-in-law" as "little Su" and "one generation" as "four generations".
For such differences, I think Huairen people should systematically learn the pronunciation methods of the pre-pointed sound and the post-pointed sound. When the front sound of the tip of the tongue is pronounced, the tip of the tongue is close to the back of the lower tooth, the soft palate rises, blocking the nasal passage, and the vocal cords should not vibrate. The airflow breaks through the obstruction of the tip of the tongue and the back of the upper teeth and rubs into sound from the narrow gap formed by it. When the tip of the tongue is kyphosis, the tip of the tongue is tilted upward, aligned with the front of the hard palate, and the soft palate rises, blocking the nasal passage.
Second, from vowel analysis.
1, O vowels and E vowels in monosyllabic vowels are different from those in Mandarin.
In Mandarin, the vowel o is pronounced as [o] and the vowel e is pronounced as [? ]。 However, in Huairen dialect, there is no [o] sound, only [? ] sound.
For example, the word "dustpan" is pronounced as [[po]] in Mandarin, while [p? ]; Another example is "I" in "we", which is pronounced as [[wo]] and [w? ]; Another example is the Songkran Festival, which is pronounced [P? O], which is pronounced as [p? ]。
That is to say, there is no [o] sound in Huairen dialect, and all [o] sounds are [? ] sound substitution. That is, when Huairen teaches himself to speak Mandarin, he will pronounce "last place" as "taste" and "mommy" as "taste".
For such a difference, I think Huairen people should distinguish between [O] and [? ] Pronunciation, more contact. When learning to pronounce O [E], the mouth is half closed, the tongue is half high, the tongue is backward and the lips are round; Learn to send e [? When making O [O] sounds, the lips should naturally open to form a flat shape, and the position of the tongue is the same as that when making O [O] sounds.
2.ai and ei are different from Mandarin in pre-voiced polyphony.
(1) Differences between Pronunciation Complex Vowels and ai and ei in Mandarin
In Mandarin, the disyllabic ai is pronounced [ai] and the vowel ei is pronounced [ei], while in Huairen dialect, there is only ei [EI] and no AI [AI] sound.
For example, the word "pat" in "taking pictures" is pronounced as [p? Ai], which is pronounced as [p? ei]； The word "wai" in "foreign language" is pronounced as [wai] in Putonghua and [wei] in Huairen dialect. The word "Liu" in "osawa" is in Mandarin [t? Ai], which is pronounced as [t? ei].
In other words, Huairen people often pronounce AI [AI] as EI [EI] when learning Mandarin. In other words, Huairen people will pronounce "Big Sister" when they say "Barley", "Leiren" when they say "Lairen" and "Beidu" when they say "Baidu".
For this difference, Huairen people should distinguish the pronunciation methods of ai and ei when learning Mandarin, that is, the mouth should be open when ai is pronounced and the lips should be flat when ei is pronounced.
(2) The differences of uai and uei between Chinese vowels and Mandarin.
However, if the vowel U is added before ai and ei respectively, that is, it becomes uai and uei (the middle e is omitted when spelling with the same initial), Huairen dialect and Putonghua are also very different in pronunciation.
In Mandarin, UAI is pronounced as [UAI] and uei as [uei]. However, in Huairen dialect, there is no uai sound, only uei sound [UEI]. That is to say, in Huairen dialect, all words with uai sound will be pronounced uei. For example, the word "Huairen" is pronounced as [[xui]] in Mandarin, but it is pronounced as [[xui]] in Huairen dialect and [[xui]] in provincial e. That is, when reading "nostalgia", it will be read as "memory" and when reading "unhappy", it will be read as "worth it".
(3) The differences between nasal vowels ang and uang and Mandarin.
In putonghua, the nasal vowel ang is pronounced [? ] sound, after adding the rhyme u, it becomes huanghair [u? ]。 In Huairen dialect, Huang [u ɑ? ] are pronounced ang [ɑ? ]。 For example, the word "basket" in Bamboo Basket is pronounced [k? u\u？ ], which is pronounced as [k? ɑ? ]。 That is, when reading "Guangming", Huairen dialect will be pronounced "Gangming" and "Shuang Ren" will be pronounced "Businessman".
As can be seen from (2) and (3), in Mandarin, vowels are preceded by vowels and u is followed by sounds; In Huairen dialect, all vowels are omitted and only the original vowels are read. Therefore, Huairen people should practice vowel U more when learning Mandarin to avoid the loss of vowel U in syllables.
3. There are differences between the roll vowel üe and nasal vowel üan and Mandarin.
In Putonghua, the vowel üe with rolling tongue is pronounced as [y? ], nasal vowel [[yan]]. In Huairen dialect, only [y? ] sound, not [[Yan]] sound.
For example, the word "donation" in "donation" is pronounced [? Yan]], which is pronounced as [? y？ ]; For example, the word "noisy" in "noisy" is pronounced [? Yan]], which is pronounced as [? y？ ]; Another example is "encouraging learning", which is pronounced [? Yan? y？ ], pronounced [? y？ y？ ]。
That is to say, when Huairen people learn Mandarin, they usually pronounce the vowel ü e [y? The sound of is pronounced with the nasal vowel an [yan]. In other words, Huairen people will say "musical instrument" when they say "resentment", "college level" will say "overstepping" and "circling horses" will say "lack of horses".
In view of this difference, it is necessary for Huairen people to learn different things when learning Mandarin. Pronunciation of] and [Yan]. When you understand the pronunciation of e, it slides from e to e, e's pronunciation is weak and light, while e's pronunciation is strong and loud. When pronouncing an, pronounce a U first, and then slide to an. At the same time, it should be noted that the opening when you pronounce the üe sound is slightly smaller than that when you pronounce the üan sound.
4. Vowels with front nose and vowels with back nose are different from Mandarin.
There are 16 nasal vowels in Mandarin, and those with nasal "n" on the tip of the tongue are called pre-nasal vowels, such as an, en, in, ün and so on. Those with "nɡ" after the tongue and nose are called postnasal vowels, such as anɡ, enɡ, inɡ, onɡ, etc. In Huairen dialect, people usually read the last vowel of the posterior nasal sound as the last vowel of the anterior nasal sound. That is to say, in Mandarin, enɡ fa [? ] sound, in hair [me? ] sound, in the hair [u? ] sound, and in Huairen dialect, enɡ sound is influenced by en [? The sound of N] and in π is pronounced as in [in], and the sound of ≤ n is pronounced as on π.
For example, the word "wait" in "wait" is pronounced [d? ], which is pronounced as [d? n]； The word "stop" in "stop" is pronounced [ti? ], pronounced [tin] in Huairen dialect; The word "wheel" in "Take turns" is pronounced as [[lyn]] in Mandarin, while [Lu? ]。
That is to say, in Huairen dialect, the vowels of the anterior nasal sound and the vowels of the posterior nasal sound are mixed. In most cases, people use the vowel of the front nasal sound to replace the vowel of the back nasal sound, and in a few cases, they use the vowel of the back nasal sound to replace the vowel of the front nasal sound. In other words, Huairen people say "sealing" can read "atmosphere", "forest" can read "tree age" and "nodding" can read "hands-on".
For this difference, Huairen people should systematically learn the pronunciation methods of nasal vowels when learning Mandarin. That is to say, when vowels are pronounced before nasal sounds, vowels are pronounced first, then the soft palate descends to increase nasal color, the tip of the tongue moves to the upper gum, and finally vowels are pronounced against the upper gum, and then the resistance is removed; However, when the last vowel is voiced, the vowel is pronounced first, then the back of the tongue moves to the soft palate and touches the soft palate to pronounce nɡ, and the whole vowel is pronounced before the stop.
Third, the conclusion
This paper compares Huairen dialect with Putonghua from two aspects: initial consonant and vowel, and analyzes the differences between Huairen dialect and Putonghua. I hope this paper can provide theoretical basis for Huairen students to obtain the qualification certificate of Putonghua, and also provide guidance for Huairen people to learn Putonghua.