-Jiang
Executive summary:
The imperial examination system is an important part of China's feudal political system, which lasted more than 1300 years from the establishment of the Sui Dynasty to its abolition in the late Qing Dynasty. It has a great influence on China's social politics, ideology, culture and education. Especially the negative impact on ancient education in China is far-reaching, which can be summarized as follows:
(1) leads to the deviation of educational value orientation.
(2) stifle individuality, inhibit creative spirit and stifle talents.
⑶ The shackles of educational modernization.
Re-understanding its negative influence will help us to know more clearly the tension of traditional education in China and understand more deeply the arduousness and complexity of educational modernization.
key word
The negative influence of that development of imperial examination system education
The imperial examination system is an important part of China's feudal political system. The Sui Dynasty experienced 1300 years from its establishment to its demise at the end of Qing Dynasty. It is deeply rooted in the historical soil of feudal society. The imperial examination system had a far-reaching impact on the social politics, ideological culture and education of China at that time and later. Especially when the imperial examination system was combined with school education, school education became a vassal of the imperial examination system, which had a great influence on ancient education in China. It can be said that China's ancient education was imperial examination education from the Sui and Tang Dynasties. As the imperial examination system with the longest service time, the most perfect system and the most extensive influence in China feudal society, its appearance is undoubtedly a great achievement in the history of official system in China. However, the imperial examination system itself has its drawbacks, especially the selection of stereotyped writing in the late Ming Dynasty. It can be said that its ultimate goal is not to select talents with real talents and practical learning, but to cultivate "obedient people" and "slaves". It uses strict and rigid content regulations and special and complicated styles to classify intellectuals' ideological talents into feudal laws and ethics and consume them in empty and useless formats. "Imperial examination must be conducted by schools" made school education completely subordinate to the imperial examination system, which had a more direct and far-reaching negative impact on ancient education in China.
First, it leads to the deviation of educational value orientation.
When we talk about the value of education, we should first start with the purpose of education, especially the essential purpose of education, instead of simply equating the value of education with the role or function of education. Educational value "From the perspective of the relationship between education and social development and individual development, the ideal value of education lies in cultivating people according to the needs of society and people's own development and realizing the all-round development of people's personality." The following article will analyze and discuss the influence of imperial examination system on educational value orientation from three aspects: the alienation of educational purpose, the imbalance between educational tool value and intrinsic value, and the loss of educational ideal value and practical value.
1, alienation of educational purpose
The alienation of the imperial examination system to educational purposes is first reflected in the decline of school education. Since the emergence of the imperial examination, there has been an institutional guarantee of "learning to be an official". The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was integrated with school education, and the school directly provided selected students for the imperial examination. "Tianbao has been in trouble for twelve years." "There is a township tribute in the world, and it is not the county scholar who raises people. Don't give them away. " (3) In the fifth year, Wuzong Huichang reiterated that all students, whether central or local, must be from schools and are not allowed to take the imperial examinations. In the Ming Dynasty, "the imperial examination must be run by the school", thus forming a "school-imperial examination" model combining education with talent selection.
School education became a vassal of imperial examination, which directly led to the alienation of school education purpose. The school trains nothing but students whose direct purpose is imperial examination, which has become the direct purpose of school education. School education is completely centered on the imperial examination, so that the school will teach what the imperial examination is, and the school will test what it is, step by step, and dare not deviate. Education, as a relatively independent social subsystem, was forcibly brought into the selection and distribution system of feudal political officials and served them completely. Education lost its own development space and went to the road of "bureaucracy". Education is a human-centered activity, whose essential purpose is to promote the development of human personality and promote the development of society through human development. When the imperial examination successfully controlled education, "learning to be excellent and becoming an official" became the only way out for scholars and the direct purpose of education.
The alienation of educational purpose is also reflected in the majority of scholars. The reason why the vast number of scholars are keen on studying hard, even if they study hard for ten years, is because they will be famous all over the world one day. Entering the school is to seek knowledge, to join the examination room in the future, to "make a name for yourself" and to be loyal and filial. Zhu's Wen lei said: "the imperial examination is tiring ... but with my parents, I have to rely on it." So you can't help it. " The extension of loyalty and filial piety lies in "loyalty to the monarch". The so-called "loyalty is based on filial piety, so it can move the monarch, so that loyal ministers must be at the door of filial sons." It can be seen that the imperial examination internalized the concept of loyalty to the monarch and filial piety as the fundamental goal of education, and also ensured the realization of this goal through the system. The feudal rulers used the imperial examination system to make "a hero in the world". (5) The vast number of scholars can also rise to the top according to the imperial examination, wearing purple pythons. The purpose of education is alienated into the utilitarian pursuit of officials. The traditional requirements of Confucianism, such as sincerity, integrity, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order and governing the country, are no longer the evaluation criteria of scholars' own tastes. Only those who are good at it are just the four books and five classics. Because "this thing can get fame and enjoy wealth." The purpose of education has completely lost its original meaning, and education has also been regarded as a tool for people to manipulate and climb the paving stone of official career.