Comparison of different types of projects in the specialty
Computers involve a wide range of fields and branches. So in the United States, the main professional direction is divided into four parts: artificial intelligence, programming language, computer system and computer theory. And each part has many research directions, such as artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering, pattern recognition and image processing software, multimedia technology and graphics, intelligent information system engineering and software automation, database and data warehouse, data mining and knowledge discovery, computer network technology and its application, computer system and control, information system security, computer security and so on. These research directions belong to the above four research directions, but the classification is not obvious. The four main parts all have their own overlapping and different emphases, so we should also have corresponding emphases when applying, and make professional choices according to the different backgrounds of the applicants.
Computational science is theoretical, and the competition is not as fierce as software engineering. Whether it is getting an admission or applying for a scholarship, it is a relatively easy direction in CS. If you have a good math background and some research experience, you will have an advantage in applying.
Software engineering has always been a big employment and enrollment. There are more students enrolled. Although the proportion of winning the full prize is not high compared with other engineering majors (because of better employment), it is also a direction in which it is not difficult for CS to win the full prize, and the competition is generally fierce. Because the total enrollment is large and there are many opportunities.
Compared with software engineering, the employment situation of computer architects is slightly worse, and there are fewer applicants, so there are slightly more scholarship opportunities. In addition, customers will have this background, and practical work experience is still very important for engineering applicants.
In cs, data mining should be an award-winning subject, and the competition is not as fierce as that of software engineering. Moreover, the future employment level of this major is also relatively extensive.
Artificial intelligence can be said to be the hottest subject in computer, and the research of artificial intelligence has reached a new climax, on the one hand, because of the new progress of artificial intelligence theory, on the other hand, because of the rapid development of computer hardware. With the continuous improvement of computer speed, the continuous expansion of storage capacity, the continuous reduction of price and the continuous development of network technology, many tasks that could not be completed before can now be realized, so it is also one of the hot majors.
Algorithm belongs to computer theory and basically belongs to the basic subject of computer. Any computer-related major will basically use this part, so it is relatively easy to apply for the award.
Although the network is widely used now, the future employment is not very good, so there are not many people who choose him. There are really not many projects in this major, so the awards are not very good.
However, in any case, if full reward is required, the TOEFL score of the applicant should be no less than 620, the GRE score should be no less than 1250, and the GPA requirement should be no less than 3.25. If you don't need a full prize, the admission criteria will be lowered accordingly. Moreover, these hardware indicators are not unique, and research experience, work background and learning motivation will also be the aspects of the admission Committee. Practical experience is very important for engineering students. In the case of little difference between T, G and GPA, excellent practical project experience can greatly increase the competitiveness of applicants. For undergraduates with little practical experience, the reputation of the school and GPA are the focus of evaluation. If the T/G score is not good, it will also reduce its competitiveness. In addition, some students from other disciplines, such as mathematics and EE, also apply for cs major, which makes CS major undergraduates have some competitors. Other practical fields generally require corresponding work experience, which will increase the application difficulty for inexperienced undergraduates.
Introduction of typical schools
Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle. To apply for a school, you must first know yourself and the other school. Then locate yourself accurately, otherwise your painstaking efforts are not much better than that of smashing pots and making iron. At that time, I positioned myself in the top 10 CS, so I knew the top 20 CS better. The four best computer science projects: Stanford University, University of California. Berkeley, MIT, CMU, other six universities 10: UIUC, Cornell, University of Washington, Princeton, University of Texas at Austin and University of Wisconsin-Madison, among which UIUC, Cornell, University of Washington and UW Madison hardly go out before 10. Other very, very excellent CS: California Institute of Technology, University of Maryland CP, UCLA, Brown, Harvard, Yale, Git, Purdue, Rice, University of Michigan.
1. Stanford:
CS in Stanford is a big CS, with more than 40 faculty members, including many famous Turing Prize winners (Edward A. feigenbaum and john mccarthy) and big names in various disciplines, such as Donald E. Knuth; , theoretical authority; Jeffrey D. Ullman (who also wrote the famous compilation principle, from Princeton); And john hennessy, one of the leading figures in RISC technology. I believe that CS students are no strangers to this. The department graduates more than 30 doctoral students and more master students every year. The way out for students is naturally like a duck to water. Stanford students are favored by both academia and industry. Almost all the top 10 c have Stanford graduates as professors. Of course, there are three other giants: UC. Berkeley, MIT and CMU. Jim clark graduated from the University of Utah and used to be a professor of computer science at Stanford University. Later, it was this man who founded SGI, a giant in the field of high-performance computer and scientific computing visualization. The origin of SUN's company name is the Stanford University Network. By the way, Yang Zhiyuan, the founder of Yahoo China, studied for a doctorate in EE at Stanford University, and later dropped out of school to start Yahoo. In CS research, Stanford is a top player, with strong strength in theory, database, software, hardware, AI and other fields. Stanford's RISC technology later became the core technology of SGI/MIPS Rx000 series microprocessors; DASH and FLASH projects are the frontiers of multiprocessor parallel computer research. SUIF parallel compiler has become a key project funded by the state, and mentioning SUIF compiler in international academic papers seems to add some beauty to some mediocre papers. Stanford has14,000 students, including more than 7,000 graduate students. There are 175 doctoral students and 350 CS masters students. I don't know how many people I recruit every year, but don't forget to apply to Stanford every year. There are nearly a thousand students applying for CS. The application fee is as high as 80 dollars. Stanford University is located in Silicon Valley, the center of the information world. California's pleasant climate and beautiful scenery make Stanford a paradise for CS. 33. The campus area of1square kilometer is even enough for students to cross the river to win the battle. It is difficult to apply for Stanford, but it is not impossible.
2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology:
It seems that MIT's enrollment does not look at GRE scores, but MIT's CS is a giant cow. In the latest ranking of 1999, it tied for the first place with Stanford with a perfect score of 5.0. CS of MIT has made indelible contributions to the development of CS, the idea of data stream computing, many great achievements of data stream computer and artificial intelligence, and X-Window which has influenced the whole UNIX world. For example, Stanford University, CMU University and University of California. Berkeley, MIT is a school that is almost a giant in the field of CS. According to the information provided by Hero AGOU, the media arts and sciences of MIT are not well-known under the computer department. Mainly multimedia technology, information processing, artificial intelligence? There are a large number of famous professors, such as Marvin Minsky (Turing Prize)?
3. Berkeley:
The University of California at Berkeley is also located on the San Francisco Bay in Silicon Valley, only about 50 kilometers away from Stanford University. Berkeley is one of the most radical schools in America. Hippie culture in the 1960s, anti-Vietnam War, oriental mysticism and returning to natural culture all originated here. The poet allen ginsberg is the spokesman of Berkeley. In today's high-tech field, C. Berkeley is creating a new myth, ranking among the top 3. 16 Nobel Prize winners in more than 20 major disciplines such as literature, mathematics, chemistry and journalism. A total of nearly 200 academicians of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Engineering, together with many Berkeley people who became billionaires in the commercial war in Silicon Valley, held high the banner of gathering talents from all over the world. AndrewGrove, president of Intel, graduated from UC. Berkeley. The BSD version of UNIX influenced the whole OS world, and Berkeley's RISC technology later became the core technology of Sun's microprocessor. Giant David Patterson recently accepted a $600 million project to research and develop new computer architectures, especially IRAM. UC。 Berkeley has more than 30,000 students and more than 8,500 graduate students. The application fee is the same as other campuses of the University of California, 40 dollars. According to a recent survey, Berkeley has become the most desirable graduate school for American college students, ranking first, and its application difficulty can be imagined. UC。 The deadline in Berkeley is usually very early, and it ends in mid-February of 65438+, but the actual deadline is actually a little later? CS in Berkeley is a big department, including Turing Prize winners and giant cows like Patterson. The way out for students is as bright as Stanford, MIT and CMU, so I won't go into details here. In CS research, Berkeley is also strong in everything. San Francisco's blue undulating bays, lush mountains, comfortable and pleasant climate, and Silicon Valley close at hand? Didn't all this make UC? Berkeley is a paradise for CS students?
4.CMU:
CMU is a small school in Pittsburgh with more than 7,000 students. The campus seems very small. But this school is a top school in engineering and other fields. The CS of CMU is not just a department, but a college, and its scale may only be Stanford, and UIUC can match it. The situation of teachers and students is similar to the previous three, so I won't go into details here. Mach operating system, PVM, C.mmp, etc. Have great contributions from CMU. It is very difficult to apply for CMU, because although CMU has many CSFacilities, it only recruits less than 30 graduate students every year. Fortunately, Fudan has s CS scholars.
5. Cornell University:
As a member of the Ivy League and a private school, Cornell has its unique advantages. In the United States, private schools are generally more difficult to enter than public schools, and their students are admitted only after strict selection. CS students in Cornell can enjoy FELLOW treatment after entering school, and their personal economic conditions are not as good as those in public schools. The promotion of aristocratic alumni makes the way out of private schools very attractive. Cornell has always been a top expert in theoretical computers, but it is not always in the top 10 in other CS fields. I have to admit that I haven't tracked enough, so stop here. Cornell has18,000 students and more than 5,000 graduate students. CS enrolls about 25 doctoral students every year.
6.UIUC:
UIUC's Academy of Engineering is the highest-ranking giant cow in the United States, and its CS, ECE and EE have made many achievements in history. In CS, from the early supercomputers Illiac I, II, III and IV to the later CEDAR, they are all important events in the history of CS development, especially in the history of parallel computers, which have influenced and guided the development for a long time. David cook was a pioneer in parallel processing. Supercomputer R&D Center: CSRD, National Supercomputing and Application Center: NCSA and many other institutions make UIUC CS often become the leader in R&D. You may remember that one of the original developers of Netscape Navigator was mark anderson. This young man from Wisconsin studied undergraduate in UIUC and participated in the compilation of NCSA mosaics in his third year of high school. Later, he went to Silicon Valley, where he met Daniel jim clark, the former founder of SGI. They hit it off and jointly founded the famous Netscape, which once dominated the Wulin browser market. With the departure of the supreme masters from generation to generation, the faculty of UIUC is inconspicuous. But I have to remind everyone here that UIUC CS has always been known for its hard work. UIUC is a university with more than 35,000 students and nearly10,000 graduate schools. UIUC has a large number of CS, and more than 40 facilities provide comprehensive CS education and research programs. It seems that only Stanford can match the number of more than 30 PhDs graduated every year. UIUC's Polaris parallel compiler is a fist product that directly challenges Stanford's SUIF in this field. Tsinghua chose this system when developing a parallel programming environment. It's just that Polaris, with its huge code and slow running, makes Tsinghua a little weak ... UIUC is a giant in computer hardware, software, AI, DB and other fields. Especially the hardware, ILLIAC, CEDAR mentioned earlier ... In fact, UIUC is not inferior to any of the four kings of CS in the research and development of supercomputing system, or even worse. The fact that NCSA is based in the Union of Islamic Courts is evidence in itself. . Many students of UIUC-CS went to academia after graduation. Stanford University, Berkeley ... all have UIUC doctors leading the way. But more UIUC-CS scholars have entered this industry and become the backbone of the industry.
7. Harvard:
UW in Seattle is blessed-Microsoft, the giant computer science company, is in Seattle, not to mention Bill Gates. The Harvard dropout gave Harvard a lot of money, but compared with the money given to UW, it was only a drop in the ocean. The University of Washington is located on the beautiful lakeside of Washington, with spring all the year round. Among the more than 33,000 students, 8,000 are graduate students. Perhaps the most disgusting thing about Seattle is that there are 160 days of precipitation a year. UW has a large CS, with more than 30 faculty members, nearly 20 high-quality doctoral graduates and a large number of master's degrees every year. It is estimated that the number of students enrolled each year should not be low. UW's CS is balanced in all aspects, with the strongest software ranked fifth, and other fields generally ranked first 10, as if there were no obvious weaknesses. Dick Karp, a Turing Prize winner, was re-employed by CS of UW after he retired from Berkeley. The CS requirements of the University of Washington are very high. The average GPA of doctoral students is as high as 3.86, GRE2 160+, and the deadline is early, so it is quite difficult to apply for UW.
8. Princeton:
Princeton is a fascinating place, which used to be the world science center.
CS in Princeton is not large, with 18 members and a small number of students. There seems to be no other bright spot in scientific research except the fifth theory. I hope the insider can add something. But Princeton has undoubtedly trained a large number of outstanding people in the computer field. Geoffrey D. ullman, john mccarthy and other giants are all from the famous Princeton University. The education received at Princeton is the best education. Princeton University is small, with only over 6,000 students, and the graduate students are only 1.700. CS admission in Princeton is very strict, but many China students have attended Princeton.
9.UW- Madison:
UW Madison has a large CS with 35 facilities and more than 200 graduate students, enrolling 60-70 freshmen every year. At present, almost 1/4 of the faculty and staff are from Berkeley. After graduation, doctoral students went to Stanford, Berkeley and other cattle schools to take the lead, but similar to UIUC, they seemed to enter the industry more. However, it is not easy to get a doctorate here. More than 70% people will find an ideal job halfway and fly away with a master's degree to avoid being discouraged by those endless scientific research projects. UW- Madison's database has always been in the top three, often at the location of 1. Because of its traditional advantages in designing and implementing DBMS system, the database here enjoys a high reputation in the industry. It is said that Microsoft has a group of Wisconsin alumni, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions especially favors students from Wisconsin-Madison. Wisconsin ranks sixth in hardware and computer architecture and is quite influential in the industry. The superscalar technology in microprocessor originated from this; Bus snooping protocol, IEEE SCI protocol, etc. , consistent with multiprocessor caches, all originated here. It is said that the MultiScalar technology and DataScalar technology being developed can increase the number of instructions issued by the microprocessor to more than 10 per clock cycle, which greatly improves the computing power of the microprocessor. Software 99 in Wisconsin ranks seventh. It mainly focuses on the design and implementation of OS in system software, caching strategy on WEB, parallel programming languages and compilers supporting two parallel programming modes of shared memory and message passing, and the research on parallel and distributed computing, OODB, scientific database and new query languages supporting image query and image processing initiated by MIDSHIP project. Because there are a large number of satellite images in the United States that need to be processed in time, there is an urgent need to develop GIS systems, and UW- Madison has made a lot of money from this research and development. The CS theory of Wisconsin and UIUC is probably 10. Carl de Boer of Wisconsin is a big bull of approximation theory. The U. of Wisconsin-Madison is a large comprehensive school, with more than 40,000 graduate students, including 5,000 doctoral students and 3,500 master students. There are many Nobel Prize winners, 52 academicians and 18 academicians in more than 2,200 facilities. 130 system covers almost all scientific research fields. The University of Wisconsin-Madison is located on a picturesque tree-lined lake. Modern style and classical European and American style buildings echo each other on the gently undulating lakeshore. It should be noted that CS in Wisconsin is a little different from many other schools. It belongs to the College of Arts &; Science is not under the Institute of Technology, so many hardware-oriented projects, such as embedded system, network hardware, routing, multimedia, communication, automatic control, digital signal processing, etc., are not under the CS department, but under the Electrical Department. Computer engineering is the ECE department. That department is also quite big, much bigger than CS. 1998 ranked ninth in computer engineering.
10.UT-Austin:
The CS of UT-Austin is bigger. There seems to be a Turing Prize winner in the faculty. A dog confirms that the man's name is Edsger Dijkstra, the arithmetic guy. The development of departments is relatively balanced, with the best AI ranking fifth, and several other majors can squeeze into the top ten. UT-Austin is a huge school with 50,000 students, and the graduate school may have 1.3 million. However, the main campus of the school seems to be insufficient, only 140 hectares, which is not enough according to the standards of American universities. There are many tall buildings around the campus, probably because it is located in the city center. Generally speaking, it is difficult to apply for the first 10 CS because of its popularity in the international computer field, but it is by no means impossible! If you are in the top 5% of CS, EE, mathematics or other similar majors in famous domestic schools; Students with strong computer skills, solid theoretical skills and profound English skills can apply. There is nothing to be afraid of. Fame is very important, but I think strength plus luck plus wise decision is the key to success. Failure is not terrible. What is terrible is cowardice and stupid strategy. Going to a bad school doesn't mean that you are inferior to others. Opportunities are still waiting for you everywhere, as long as you have the heart and eyes.
1 1. California Institute of Technology:
The CS of California Institute of Technology is very small, with only about 5 professors and few students each year. Although applying for Caltech is free, it is recommended not to try it easily. Because the department is too small, Caltech seems to be only strong in computer hardware and scientific computing visualization. The department has been sitting on 1 1, 12 for many years and has hardly moved. Similarly, Stanford and MIT didn't. 1 2, Cornell No.5, UW- Madison No.9, 10. California Institute of Technology is also very small, with 1 100 graduate students among 2000 students. The number of teaching staff is small, but almost all of them are giant cows. Generally speaking, Caltech is probably the best school in the world.
12. University of Maryland
This is a very strong CS, and its software (8), database (4) and AI(9) all reach the top of 10. Ira's TINY system is also quite famous.
13. UCLA:
In history, the CS of UCLA was once brilliant, reaching the 6th place (NRC' 82), but in recent years it has been hovering at 13- 15. Moreover, almost none of the professional details of CS can enter the previous 10. Nevertheless, UCLA's CS is still very powerful. The glorious history of UCLA may lie in its great contribution to the development of the Internet. In 1960s, ARPA in the United States was conducting pioneering research on network interconnection. The four nodes of ARPA network are UCLA, Stanford Research Institute of Stanford University, UCSB University and the University of Utah. At this time, a young man from New England, Vinton Cerf, traveled thousands of miles to California instead of going to Yale University, which is close to home. He first received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Stanford, and then a master's degree and a doctor's degree in cs from UCLA. Cerf has been engaged in the research of ARPA network in SRI since graduation, especially how to make it not work normally. A few years later, Cerf cooperated with Kyhn, a professor of mathematics at MIT, and developed a software system for network interconnection (1973). This is the birth of TCP/IP protocol. As a pioneer of Internet, UCLA is located in sunny Southern California, which should be a paradise for CS students. Schools in California are really hard to apply for, but you can try. UCLA has 33,000 students, 9,900 of whom are from graduate schools. Located in UCLA, there are almost endless places to play, Disney, Hollywood ... because it is located in a big city, the campus is not very big, but the scenery seems beautiful. The CS of UCLA is relatively large, and its scale should be similar to that of Washington University and UW Madison.
14. University of Michigan:
The University of Michigan is a great school. In the top ten, from a comprehensive point of view, it can be regarded as the leader, of course, UW- Madison and UIUC are also close behind. CS is a little bit more difficult here, and hardware ranks ninth. Computer Engineering (7) and EE(5) are both giants of the former 10. CS and EE in Michigan are called EECS system together. It is a fairly large department, which enrolls many students every year. Some people went to EE in Fudan this year, and there are many Fudan alumni in Michigan. In view of their combination of EE and CS, CS is still hard. The CS estimate of Michigan is also considerable in history. Two professors from UW Madison are academicians. In other CS departments, such as UIUC, there are also many talents from UMICH. As mentioned above, the CS of UIUC is extremely strong in hardware, and many UIUC buddies in the CS of UMICH are teachers there.
15. Website:
GIT is a big school. GIT's engineering institute is very interested, and its research and development funds are second only to MIT, and similar to UIUC and Umich. The database of CS department is No.7, and the GUI is No.4. Others are not before 10.
16. Brown:
Brown is small in scale. This Ivy League private school may have some advantages similar to Cornell. The GUI of CS can be ranked sixth. It seems that there are many R&D artificial intelligence projects, such as speech recognition.
17. Harvard:
In the early history of CS, Harvard was once a leader. After all, CS and mathematical physics have a long history. It's a pity that Harvard doesn't attach importance to engineering, and now CS in Iraq can't compare with the giants in the circle, or even the original ones in Iraq. It seems that Wang An is from here, and so is Bill Gates. After all, Harvard is Harvard, and celebrities always come forth in large numbers. After all, Harvard can always recruit the best people, even in its weak areas. But don't think Harvard is awesome. It is said that an American joke is about how stupid some students at Harvard are ... Harvard doesn't like things with engineering colors, and CS hangs in Arts &；; It seems that the engineering and applied science division under the Faculty of Science doesn't even have an independent department. I'm afraid there won't be much goods in other projects except that it can be ranked in the top 10 in theory. But from Harvard, you can learn a lot of things that are difficult to learn elsewhere. Professional knowledge is not all, and Harvard's education is not bad, although there is nothing to brag about in CS research. Harvard graduate students earn more than $20 thousand a year. Friendship is a powerful backing for you to study hard with peace of mind. Harvard University students 18000, including graduate students 1 1000. Harvard University has the largest number of Nobel Prize winners in the world, with more than 150 academicians of the National Academy of Sciences ..... Harvard is a super cow circle, where giant cows gather. ) Harvard CS is probably not a big shot, and there may not be many students recruited, so it should be difficult to apply.
18. Purdue University:
Perhaps many people still don't know that the computer department of Purdue is the earliest computer department established in the United States. At the beginning of the establishment of the department, it has been at TOP 10. In the 1970s, it declined for reasons I don't know. Purdue's ranking is also unstable, ranging from 13 to 30. Purdue CS didn't see any features. Purdue is a big school with 35,000 students. Its engineering college is very famous.
19. Website:
Rice is a primary school in Houston, with 4,000 students and about 1600 graduate students.
CS is not big either. The advantage lies in software, ranking ninth. I don't know anything else, but I especially want to tell you that Ken Kennedy in this department is a giant. He is one of the key figures in the HPCC Standing Committee of the United States, and seems to be the President's special adviser on information science. Kennedy is a big cow in parallel computing. A few years ago, he undertook the development of high-performance FORTRAN language (HPF) compiler without hesitation. The huge project, huge manpower investment and the authoritative position of Iraq are all expected. Unfortunately, the project failed later. Since then, parallel computing has fallen into a low ebb. In recent years, Kennedy seems to have turned to back-end optimization technology for specific processors. The future of CS students is quite good.
20.yale:
Yale once ranked in the top 10 and NRC'82, while Yale and UCLA ranked in the top 10 instead of Princeton and UT-Austin. Yale's CS is not big, with a dozen teachers and several students, and only six doctoral students are recruited every year. Like Harvard, which attaches great importance to arts and sciences, Yale's CS is relatively strong in theory. But unlike Harvard, Yale has an independent CS department, which is highly valued. Yale -CS is strong in artificial intelligence and software. The famous LINDA parallel programming mode was put forward and realized here. Yale graduates seem to have more graduates in academia than in industry, and so does Harvard.
In fact, there are many other excellent schools in CS, such as UCSD, USC, Columbia, UNC-CH, DUKE, U. of Penn and so on. Columbia University has made great achievements in artificial intelligence, speech recognition and natural language processing, while North Carolina: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Utah are the top universities in UI.