Calligraphy is just a way to write words. The oldest characters, or descriptive symbols, were invented by the ancestors of the matriarchal society in the Neolithic Age five or six thousand years ago. The era is roughly equivalent to the period of the Yellow Emperor. With notation and writing, there will inevitably be teaching between young and old. With teaching, there will be similar schools. According to legend, the oldest school in China was Chengjun in the Five Emperors era.

? At that time, members of clans and tribes had begun to distinguish rank and status, which led to various requirements of social behavior norms. In order to maintain and strengthen the cohesion and team spirit of clans and tribes, it is necessary to educate and publicize the public. Archaeological discoveries of primitive clan commune sites often have a large open space, a bit like the square now, which is obviously the place where clan and tribal members gather. All kinds of ceremonies, meetings, announcements, regulations and requirements, as well as mobilization and oath before taking action are held here, which shows that it has a significant educational role. After the country came into being, "successful study" became the general name of social education, and successful study became the center of the study of the son of heaven. It's a bit like "Let's open your window on the garden and talk about Sang Ma with a cup in hand".

"Zhou Li Dalaisi" contains: "Dalaisi holds the law of equalization to govern the learning and politics of the country, not the son of the country." Dong Zhongshu pointed out: "Being a monarch is the learning of the five emperors." Zheng Zhongyun: "Lian, adjust it. Musicians are the main tone. " It can be seen that China's education was based on music education from the beginning, and later officials in charge of music were also called teachers.

Over time, the schools of Xia, Shang and Zhou described it in Mencius * Teng Wengong: "In the order of embarrassment, it is defined as the teaching of the school: those who are embarrassed, give it; Learn and teach; Order, shoot also. School, Xu, Zhou, and learning is shared by three generations, so it is also clear. " In fact, in this ancient village community, order, order and school have the nature of meeting rooms, schools, auditoriums and clubs, in other words, they are places for collective activities of village residents.

In addition, there are universities. As the name implies, universities are relatively large schools. Xia dynasty called the world room, Shang dynasty weighing house, and Zhou fuming hall. According to textual research, a university like Tang Ming was originally just a big house, where sacrifices to the emperor, government affairs, enjoyment, old-age care, setting up schools, issuing orders and celebrating rewards were all carried out. However, after the Western Zhou Dynasty, the use of Tang Ming changed, and Biyong was established as a school. "Book of Rites Wang Zhi" records: "The son of heaven taught before learning. The primary school is on the left of Gonggong South, and the university is in the suburbs. The emperor said, "Bi Yong, the ministers are in the palace. "

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the capital where the son of heaven lived, together with its four suburbs and six townships, was collectively called "the country" and the foreign capital (the capital of Kyrgyzstan, the place under the jurisdiction of ancient kings). ) in the wild and despicable land called "wild"; Domestic residents enjoy many privileges, such as participating in politics, being a soldier and building schools. But foreign savages didn't. There are primary schools in six townships in junior high school. The so-called six townships are Bi, Lu, nationality, party, state and township. They are related to each other by blood. They are citizens of the Western Zhou Dynasty and live around the capital. That is to say, the "China people" who often appear in the literature are equivalent to ordinary freemen, not slaves, who have their own land, implement the well-field system and pay taxes. It only exists around the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Liu Sui is outside Liu Xiang, that is, the "savage" in the literature. The primary school teachers are Stuart, the township teacher, the governor, the father teacher and Shao Shi. This is a school for China people. The royal family and nobles all have Chinese studies, including primary schools and universities, which are taught by Da Lesi, Da Xu, masters, teachers and nurses. China children study in rural schools; Guo Zi, the son of an aristocrat, studied at the Palace Primary School; Those who do well in rural studies can enter universities. Xiangxue is called a scholar, and Si Tuleideng is called a scholar, builder or gentleman. Elected scholars can go to college with aristocratic children, and they can be officials if they have academic achievements.

The entry age of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is quite different from that recorded in ancient books. There are eight, nine and thirteen years old in primary school and fifteen, eighteen and twenty years old in college. Generally speaking, you go to primary school as a child and go to college as an adult. The educational concepts and learning contents of primary schools and universities are also different. Li Ji Fu Bao: "The ancients left home at the age of eight to learn small arts and do small jobs. I went to college with a bunch of hair, studied great art and performed great festivals. " "White Tiger Yi Tong Bi Yong": "The ancients, why did you go to college when you were fifteen? I thought I knew nothing when I was eight years old, until I ruined my teeth. 785 yin and yang, so 150% of Tong Zhiming entered the university and studied Confucian classics. "

The content of learning includes four aspects: morality, behavior, art and appearance. Among them, the art is taught by the Bao family, which is six arts: one is five rites, the other is six music, the third is five shooting, the fourth is five control, the fifth is six writing, and the sixth is nine numbers. Six books involve writing and early calligraphy.

After the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou royal family declined, making it difficult for schools to inherit the old system. Feudal lords fought for hegemony with each other, and earth-shaking changes gradually took place, and China savage also had the qualification to receive education; At the same time, the rise of private schools formed what Confucius called "the emperor lost his official position and learned from four foreigners." The official is the official knowledge. Teachers in private schools are very knowledgeable taxi classes. Among them, Confucius is the most famous one. These people traveled everywhere, preaching from top to bottom. As they moved forward, they discussed official affairs. After retirement, they set up apprentices to teach students all kinds of knowledge, which made the culture move down rapidly and private schools gradually became prominent.

? Compared with official schools, private schools are generally different in three points. 1. Students teach students according to their age. The so-called teaching makes no difference. Second, the content of Zheng Jiale's new curriculum, such as Confucian poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, spring and autumn; The third is to participate in current affairs politics, represented by Xia Ji and Gong Xue of Qi State.