Jia Sixie: Agronomy.
Li Daoyuan: The field of geography.
Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was born in Wen Yuan. Born in Qixian County, Fanyang County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province), he was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Zu Chongzhi studied natural science all his life, mainly contributing to mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing. On the basis of exploring the accurate method of pi pioneered by Liu Hui, he first calculated the "pi" to the seventh place after the decimal point, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. His "ancestral rate" has made great contributions to mathematical research. It was not until the 6th century A.D./KLOC-that the Arab mathematician Al Cassie broke this record.
The Daming Calendar written by him was the most scientific and progressive calendar at that time, which provided a correct method for future astronomical research. His main works are In the Frontier, Composition, Explaining Words, Li Yi and so on.
The life of the character
family background
Zu Chongzhi was born in 429 (the sixth year of Yuanjia in the Southern Song Dynasty), and his ancestral home is Qiujun, Fanyang County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, a large-scale war broke out in the north, and Zu Chongzhi's ancestors migrated from Hebei to the south of the Yangtze River to settle down. Zu Chongzhi was born in Jiangnan. His grandfather Zuchang was a great craftsman of Liu in Song Dynasty. He is an official in charge of civil engineering in the imperial court. His father, Zushuo, is knowledgeable and often invited to attend royal ceremonies and banquets.
Zu Chongzhi received a good family education from an early age. Grandpa told him "The Stars Move", his father led him to read the classics, his family's edification and his own diligence made him interested in natural science, literature, philosophy, especially astronomy, and he gained a reputation for erudition in his youth.
Early experience
Zu Chongzhi once said in his book that he began to "specialize in mathematics and get to the bottom of it" from a very young age. He collected almost all documents, records and materials from ancient times to the present. At the same time, it is advocated that we should never "falsely push the ancients", never tie ourselves to the outdated wrong conclusions of the ancients, and make accurate measurements and careful calculations in person. As he himself said, he often "looks at the ruler, looks at the instrument and tries his best to make plans."
Because of Zu Chongzhi's well-read reputation, he was sent to Hualin University, an academic research institution of the imperial court at that time, by Emperor Xiaowu of the Southern Song Dynasty to do research work, and later worked in Zongmingguan. At that time, Zongmingguan was the highest scientific research academic institution in China, equivalent to the current China Academy of Sciences. There are five disciplines: literature, history, Confucianism, Taoism and Yin and Yang, which are taught in different categories. Zu Chongzhi is one of them. Here, Zu Chongzhi came into contact with a large number of ethnic books, including astronomy, calendars, arithmetic and other books, which provided a prerequisite for reference and expansion.
Focus on science
46 1 year (the fifth year of the Southern Song Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty), Zu Chongzhi worked in the secretariat office in the south of Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province), and served as an official and a government official to join the army. During this period, although Zu Chongzhi's life was very unstable, he still persisted in academic research and made great achievements.
In 462 (the sixth year of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty), Zu Chongzhi presented the carefully compiled Daming Calendar to Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty for promulgation and implementation. Emperor Xiaowu of Song ordered officials familiar with the calendar to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this calendar. Finally, Emperor Xiaowu decided to adopt a new calendar in the ninth year of the Ming Dynasty (465).
In 464 (the sixth year of the Southern Song Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty), Zu Chongzhi was transferred to Lou County (now the northeast of Kunshan County, Jiangsu Province) as county magistrate. Later, he went to Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and served as a servant shooting officer. From then on, until the early years of the Southern Dynasties, he spent a lot of energy on the research of mechanical manufacturing, recreated a compass driven by copper pieces, invented a "thousand-mile boat" and a "wooden ox and flowing horse" that could run for hundreds of miles a day, and designed and manufactured a clepsydra (ancient timer) and ingenious devices.
Old age life
Zu Chongzhi's later years coincided with the late Southern Qi Dynasty, with sharp contradictions within the ruling class, political darkness and social unrest. In this case, Zu Chongzhi's research direction has changed greatly. He focuses on literature and social sciences, but he also cares about politics.
From 494 (the first year of Longchang in the Southern Dynasty) to 498 (the fifth year of Jianwu in the Southern Dynasty), he served as a captain of Changshui. At that time, he wrote "On Security", suggesting that the government reclaim wasteland, develop agriculture, enhance national strength, stabilize people's livelihood and consolidate national defense. When Emperor Qi Ming saw it, he asked him to "travel around the world, make great achievements and benefit the people", but Nanqi's rule could no longer be maintained. The crumbling state power, coupled with years of wars in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, made it impossible for Zu Chongzhi's good political ideas to be implemented within the country, let alone realized.
In 500 (the second year of Qi Yongyuan in the Southern Dynasty), this outstanding great scientist died at the age of 72. His painstaking astronomical calendar book Da was published in the name of Jia in the ninth year (5 10).
Li Daoyuan (about 470-527) was born in Zhuozhou, Fanyang (now Zhuozhou, Hebei). Geographer of Northern Dynasties and Northern Wei Dynasties. My career was bumpy, but I didn't do my best. He has read many rare books. When I was young, I went to Shandong with my father to seek waterways. Later, he traveled the Qinling Mountains, north of Huaihe River and south of the Great Wall, inspected rivers and ditches, collected relevant customs, historical stories and myths and legends, and wrote 40 volumes of notes about water mirrors. The writing style is meaningful and vivid, which is not only a colorful geographical work, but also a collection of beautiful landscape prose. It can be regarded as the pioneering work of China's tourism literature, which has a great influence on the development of later tourism prose. In addition 13 local chronicles and 7 appointments have been lost.
The life of the character
Li Daoyuan was born in an official family, and his father Li Fan was young and promising. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he served as a servant in the Eastern Palace, and later became an excellent strategist with his outstanding strategic vision. He was a general in Pingtung and a secretariat in Qingzhou. Li Daoyuan also served as a central official in Pingcheng (the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, now Datong City, Shanxi Province) and Luoyang (the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved south here in 493 AD), and served as a local official many times. He has been a long history of Jizhou (now Jixian County, Hebei Province), a satrap of Luyang County (now Lushan County, Henan Province) and a secretariat of East Jingzhou (now tanghe county, Henan Province). In the first half of Li Daoyuan's life, the Northern Wei Dynasty was in its heyday. In 439 AD, after Emperor Wudi of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, the national strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty became stronger and stronger through the efforts of many emperors, such as Xian Wen and Wen Cheng, and the positive reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Li Daoyuan also followed Emperor Xiaowen and others to realize the great cause of reunification. However, after the death of Emperor Xiaowen, 500 years of domestic contradictions in the Northern Wei Dynasty began to rise again and gradually declined. By 527, six towns rebelled and four parties rebelled. In the eventful autumn of the country, Li Daoyuan was generously martyred. Lonely geese are singing in the sky, and birds are singing in Qinshan. The meteor flashed and a generation of heroes fell.
During his official career, Li Daoyuan was known as "strict and fierce". Quite hated by strongmen and royalty. In the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 527), while Li Daoyuan was on his way to Guanju, Bao Xiao, the secretariat of Yongzhou, was encouraged by King Runan and sent people to besiege Li Daoyuan and his party in Yinpan Post Office (now east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province). The pavilion is on the mountain and there is no water to eat. After digging for more than ten feet, there is still no water. Finally, exhausted, he was killed with his younger brother Dao Jun and his two sons.
Born into an official family, his father, Li Fan, was the secretariat of Qingzhou, and he became Shang Shulang in the eighteenth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (494). Later, he served as the satrap of Yingchuan, the secretariat of East Jingzhou, and the assistant general of suggestion. It seems that he has achieved something in politics all his life. When Xiao Chang was an official to the right for three years, he was killed by the Yongzhou secretariat Xiao at Yinpanyi (near Xilintong today). Li Daoyuan is diligent in reading and writing. "Wei Shu" volume 89 said: "Dao Yuan is eager to learn and read strange books. He wrote 40 volumes of Water Mirror, 13 local chronicles, and 7 employment and other articles, all of which are in the world. " However, except Zhu, other works have been lost.
Li Daoyuan has been interested in geographical research since he was a teenager. He likes to visit the rivers and mountains of the motherland, especially to study the hydrogeology and natural features of various places. He made full use of the opportunity of serving as an official in various places to conduct on-the-spot investigation, covering Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Inner Mongolia and other vast areas, investigating local geography, history, customs and so on, and mastering a lot of first-hand information. Wherever he goes, he will visit places of interest, mountains and rivers, carefully survey the topography of water flow, visit local elders, and learn about the changes of ancient and modern waterways, the origin of rivers, the areas flowing through, and so on. At the same time, in his spare time, he also read a lot of ancient geography works, such as Shan Hai Jing, Yu Gong, Yu Benji, Li Zhou Zhi Fang, Han Shu Geography, Water Mirror and so on. He has accumulated rich geographical knowledge and laid a foundation for his geographical research and writing.
Li daoyuan
By comparing the geographical phenomena I saw with ancient geographical works, I found that many geographical phenomena have changed greatly with the passage of time. If the changes of these geographical phenomena are not recorded in time, it will be more difficult for future generations to understand the geographical changes in history. Therefore, it is necessary to make a detailed investigation of the geographical situation at this time, consult ancient literature at the same time, and verify it with ancient geographical works, so as to record the historical changes of geographical features as detailed and accurate as possible. Therefore, Li Daoyuan decided to write a complete geography book in the form of annotations based on the water mirror.
Water Mirror is a geographical work written by Sang Qin during the Three Kingdoms period, which briefly describes the waterway conditions of 137 major rivers in China. The original text is only 1000 words, which is quite brief and lacks systematicness, and the history of the waterway and the geographical situation of the area it flows through are not detailed enough. For this reason, Li Daoyuan made use of the abundant first-hand information he had, and finally completed the famous geographical work "Notes on the Water Mirror".
Li Daoyuan has been fond of sightseeing since he was a teenager. When he was in Qingzhou with his father, he once traveled all over Shandong with his friends. I have been to many places since I became an official. Every time I go to a place, I have to visit the local places of interest, pay attention to the current and topography, trace back to the source, read a lot of geographical works in my spare time, and gradually accumulate rich geographical knowledge. Throughout his life, he made a lot of investigations, textual research and research on China's physical geography, and wrote a masterpiece of geography-Notes on Water Classics, which made great contributions to China's ancient geographical science.
Water Mirror, written in the Three Kingdoms period, is a book devoted to the study of rivers and waterways, with a total of 137 main rivers in China. The original text is more than 10 thousand words, the text is quite short, and the context and details of the waterway are not clear. Li Daoyuan believes that ancient books should be researched on the basis of the investigation of existing geographical conditions, and then the frequently changing geographical features should be recorded as detailed and accurate as possible. Under the guidance of this idea, Li Daoyuan made up his mind to interpret the water mirror.
Jia Sixie (xié), born in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the late Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty to Liang Dynasty (6th century A.D.), was an outstanding agronomist in ancient China. The Book of Qi Yao Min systematically summarizes the experience of agricultural production, grain processing and storage, wildlife and other aspects in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River before the 6th century. Linzi District built a museum in the 10,000-mu agricultural demonstration park of Zibo Qicheng Agricultural High-tech Development Zone to commemorate his great contribution to mankind.
brief introduction
Jia Sixie was an outstanding agronomist in ancient China. He was born in a scholarly family who has been farming for generations. His ancestors liked reading and studying very much, especially paid attention to the study and research of agricultural production technology knowledge, which had a great influence on Jia Sixie's life and laid the foundation for his later compilation of Qi Yao Min Shu. As an adult, he embarked on a career. He used to be the magistrate of Levin County (now Linzi, Shandong Province) and has been to Shandong, Hebei and Henan. Everywhere he went, he carefully investigated the local agricultural production technology, consulted some experienced old farmers and gained a lot of agricultural production knowledge. After middle age, he returned to his hometown and began to engage in farming and animal husbandry activities, mastering a variety of agricultural production techniques. From the 2nd year of Yongxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty (533) to the 2nd year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (554), he analyzed, sorted out and summarized it, and wrote an agricultural science and technology masterpiece "Qi Yao Min Shu".
all one's life
Jia Sixie's life stories and historical records are lacking. He served as the prefect of Levin in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Because the age he lived in coincided with the Northern Wei Dynasty's transition from economic prosperity and social stability to economic decline, political corruption, social unrest and frequent wars. He deeply felt that restoring the national economy and ensuring people's livelihood were necessary conditions for consolidating political power. He attaches great importance to the summary of agricultural production technology and experience. Since Levin resigned, Jia Sixie has devoted himself to agronomy research, covering Henan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Shandong and other places.