With concise words and vivid metaphors, this paper systematically and comprehensively expounds the purpose and function of education, the system, principles and methods of education and teaching, the position and function of teachers, and the relationship between teachers and students and classmates in the process of education, and systematically and comprehensively summarizes the educational experience of pre-Qin period in China.
Artistic feature
Xue Ji is a summary of China's ancient educational theory, teaching principles and teaching methods. Its language is often compared, discussed from both positive and negative aspects, and a concise conclusion is drawn, instead of adopting the method of argument, but its argument can still be perceived. For example, in the paragraph "University methods ... then you can be a teacher", the problem is explained in a comparative way at the beginning, and the last sentence is summarized in an orderly way, which makes people clear at a glance.
In the discussion of Xue Ji, many questions were put forward, analyzed by parallelism, and then drawn a conclusion, which was concise and clear. For example, in "although there are good dishes ... teaching and learning learn from each other", we first draw out the points that need to be clarified by analogy and emphasize the relationship between learning and teaching. Finally, it is concluded that teaching and learning complement each other, with clear thinking and smooth writing style, which gives people a sense of unity.
Extended data
As the earliest educational treatise in ancient China, Xue Ji summarized the education and teaching in the pre-Qin period for the first time. The educational thoughts discussed in Xue Ji mainly include the following aspects:
⑴ Function and purpose of education: Based on the Confucian spirit of ruling by virtue, Xue Ji believed that the function of education was to serve politics, and put forward the ideas of "building the country and governing the people, giving priority to teaching" and "a gentleman must follow them if he wants to turn the people into customs". Xue Ji advocates two educational purposes:
First, cultivate rulers with the ability of "building the country and governing the people";
The second is to "turn the people into customs" and educate the people into "law-abiding" listeners. Xue Ji highly combines education with politics and society, and regards education as an important means of politics. This view is also the basic starting point for feudal scholars to treat education in past dynasties.
⑵ Education system and school management: Xue Ji put forward the education system from central to local by relying on heaven: "The ancient teachers have schools, the party has a dilemma, the technology is orderly, and the state-owned schools." This idea of setting up schools according to administrative system has a great influence on setting up schools in later generations. In school management, Xue Ji put forward a complete teaching process and assessment standards.
"Admission than years, middle-aged entrance. One year counts as distinguishing classics, three years counts as respecting orchestras, five years counts as learning friends, and seven years counts as small achievements. It is a great achievement to know the class well for nine years, stand firm and never return. Husband is enough to change the customs, and those who are close are convinced, and those who are far away are pregnant. This is also the way of the university. "
This idea of teaching process, on the one hand, clarifies the general goal of education, determines the specific standards and requirements of each stage, and gradually deepens and improves it. On the other hand, the standards to be reached in each stage stipulate the requirements for academic knowledge and ideological morality, which embodies the characteristics of paying equal attention to morality and intelligence and step by step.
⑶ Principles of education and teaching: Xue Ji summed up a set of principles and methods of education and teaching on the basis of synthesizing various experiences and lessons of long-term education and teaching, which is the essence of Xue Ji.
First, teaching learns from each other. Teaching and learning are two aspects of the teaching process, and they complement each other.
Second, respect the teacher and emphasize the road. Xue Ji clearly put forward the idea of "being strict with teachers and respecting Tao". On the one hand, Yukime spoke highly of the role of teachers; On the other hand, learning records put forward strict requirements for teachers, not only having profound knowledge and lofty moral cultivation, but also mastering the conditions such as education, teaching theory and skills that teachers should have.
Third, Tibet and interest complement each other. Yukime believes that formal classroom learning and extracurricular exercises must be balanced and complementary.
Fourth, prepare Sun Mo. This is an important rule summed up by learning to sum up the experience and lessons in long-term education and teaching, and it contains four principles. "Yu" is the principle of prevention, and "prohibition is called Yu", which requires that possible bad tendencies be estimated in advance and preventive measures be taken.
"Time" refers to the principle of teaching in time, "call when you can", grasp the best opportunity to learn, learn at the right time and teach at the right time, otherwise "it will be difficult to learn after learning"; "Sun" refers to the principle of gradual progress, "giving without restraint is called sun". Teaching should follow a certain order. If we confuse "giving without grandchildren", the effect will be counterproductive.
"Mo" refers to the principle of learning to observe, and "when you are good, call Mo". In learning, we should learn from each other and learn from each other's strengths, otherwise we will be "ignorant and ignorant." However, in observation and research, we should prevent "Yan Peng" and "Yan Bi". Yan Peng refers to frivolous and unpretentious friends, while Yan Bi refers to contemptuous and evil words and deeds.
Fifth, inspiration and induction. Xue Ji gives a comprehensive theoretical exposition on the essence and methods of heuristic principle. Sixth, be good at saving lost people. "Xue Ji" thinks: "If a scholar makes four mistakes, the teacher must know it. People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. These four hearts are different. Know his heart, and then you can recover his loss. Those who teach grow well and save those who lose. "
Four shortcomings in students' study are pointed out, namely, greed, one-sided narrowness, complacency and self-sufficiency, and fear of difficulties. These shortcomings are different for everyone and there are different reasons. Teachers should learn to analyze concretely and master comprehensively. If the teaching method is proper, shortcomings can be turned into advantages.
(4) Teaching methods:
First, the question and answer method. Ask questions from easy to difficult, step by step; Pay attention to the appropriate depth and details when answering questions.
Second, explain the law. The teacher's explanation should be concise, easy to understand and enlightening.
Third, practice. Taking the blacksmith, the blacksmith's son and the pony as examples, Xue Ji shows that we must lay a good foundation from the most basic and simple kung fu practice.
Fourth, analogy. Through analogy, students' thinking can be developed, learning efficiency can be improved, and students can draw inferences.
The Book of Learning sets a good example for the development of China's ancient educational theory, and its appearance means the formation of the specialization of China's ancient educational thought, which is China's "embryonic form of pedagogy".
Baidu Encyclopedia-Xue Ji
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