First, the development of newborns.
? A newborn refers to a baby from birth to one month. Newborns are an important period for infants to develop their physiological functions independently and establish a normal life rhythm to maintain their vital functions.
(A) neonatal reflex behavior
Unconditional reflex of newborn can be divided into two categories.
The first kind of unconditional reflex includes food reflex, defensive reflex and directional reflex, which is a necessary reflex behavior for the body to adapt to the environment and protect itself, and is called survival reflex.
The second kind of unconditional reflex consists of grasping reflex, walking reflex, swimming reflex, moro reflex and Babinsky reflex. They will gradually disappear within 4 to 6 months after birth.
(2) Life behavior patterns of newborns.
Follow the periodic life behavior pattern of sleep-awakening-crying.
(C) the psychological development of newborns
Three opinions:
Taking the generation of sensation as an indicator,
Taking unconditional reflection as an index,
Take clear and stable conditioned reflex as the index.
Second, the development of baby's physiology and sports
Plasticity and repairability of infant brain
The new viewpoint of brain plasticity and repairability tells us that the development of baby's brain is greatly influenced and restricted by the acquired environment. Stimulating the baby's body and nervous system plays an important role in promoting the development of his brain.
(B) the baby's movement development
1. The significance of action development to children's psychological development
A. Action is the source of baby's psychological development, and the baby's initial understanding of the world comes from action.
B, action is an indicator of the psychological development level of infants.
C, the development of action is a new means and measures for the baby to explore the environment.
D, the development of movement promotes the development of baby's cognitive and social communication ability.
2. The baby's main motor development
The key point of hand grasping skill development is finger differentiation and hand-eye coordination.
Walking independently is an important milestone in the development of babies. Make the baby's body move from passive to active, make the action quite active, obviously expand the cognitive range and increase the initiative of interacting with people.
The development of baby's movements follows the universal principle and order, and the head-tail principle of top-down development.
The principle of development from the inside out, from the near to the far,
The principle of size from big action to small action.
Third, learning in infancy.
The earliest time for infant learning activities is at the end of the fetus, mainly as follows:
Imitation learning, imitation is an important learning means that babies are born with.
Conditional learning is the most basic way for babies to learn. The earliest conditioned reflex is that newborns hold their mothers to breast-feed and make food conditioned reflex. Turn the feeding posture into a signal that the milk is about to reach the mouth.
Babies' preference for novel and exciting learning forms is prompted by habituation and de-habituation research methods, and this learning ability is innate.
Fourthly, cognitive development in infancy.
(A) the development of infant sensory perception
1. the development of baby's senses
First, the development of visual skills. There are mainly visual concentration, visual tracking movement, color vision, light perception and visual acuity.
B, the development of auditory function. Including auditory discrimination, speech perception, music perception and audio-visual coordination.
2. The development of infant's perception ability
A, perception across sensory channels. Its most obvious performance is hand-eye coordination and audio-visual coordination.
B, pattern perception. This perceptual ability is revealed through the "visual preference program" (a study designed by Fantz).
C, depth perception. Gibson used the visual cliff device to study the baby's depth perception. From about 6 months, the baby has a sense of depth. However, infancy is the most important period of individual perception development, the fastest period of perception development, and the most precious period of children's perception intervention and training.
(B) the development of infants' attention and memory
1. Baby's attention
The earliest manifestation of a baby's attention is an innate directional reflex (turning his head to the sound source).
The development of children's attention is from accidental attention to accidental attention.
The development trend of infant attention is mainly manifested in the selectivity of attention content.
2 baby's memory
The time to discover human individual memory is the end of fetus.
According to the content of memory, infant memory can be divided into
Emotional memory, action memory, (12 months ago)
Image memory and word memory. (12 months later).
(3) Develop children's ability to process and integrate information and solve problems.
Babies aged 9~ 12 months can classify food, animals and vehicles respectively.
The problem solving process of infants aged 8~ 1 1 month goes through three stages: 1. Invalid attempt, 2. An effective attempt, and 3. Do not try to succeed directly.
Fifth, speech development in infancy.
According to the structure and function of language, baby's speech development can be divided into phonetic development, semantic development, grammatical development and pragmatic development.
(A) the baby's pronunciation
Three stages: simple pronunciation stage, continuous syllable stage and budding stage.
Pronunciation characteristics:
Babies of different nationalities and countries have a universal regularity in their initial pronunciation.
It is not until the first word appears that babies can really master the various pronunciations of their mother tongue.
Babies around the age of three can basically master all the pronunciations of their mother tongue. (three years old)
(B) the development of baby vocabulary
Babies master the first batch of words between 1 and 1.5 years old, the number ranges from 50 to 60, and the vocabulary of three-year-old children increases to about 1000.
(c) Development of infant sentencing
Words and sentences to multiple sentences
Simple sentences to complex sentences (about two years old).
Language communication between babies and adults
1. Pre-verbal communication between children and adults mainly uses gestures.
2. The verbal communication between a baby and an adult tells what he knows and expresses his wishes and demands.
3. Verbal communication between adults and infants focuses on verbal expression strategies and skills.
(5) Grammar acquisition
1.5~2.5 years old is the key period for babies to master the basic grammar of their mother tongue. Three-year-old babies basically master the grammar rules system of their mother tongue, which means that children basically master the complex language of human beings in the first three years after birth.
Factors affecting children's language acquisition,
1. The structure and function of the human brain is the biological premise for the development of human language communication.
2. Cognitive development is the basis of syntactic development.
3. Verbal communication between children and people around them is a necessary condition for syntactic acquisition.
4. Learning adult language and selective imitation are important conditions for syntactic acquisition.
5. Children actively and creatively explore grammar rules, constantly put forward assumptions, test and correct assumptions. Get the correct grammar.
Sixth, personality and social development in infancy.
(A) the temperament type of the baby
According to the characteristics of activities, Bath divides the temperament of babies into the following categories according to their activity tendency and behavior characteristics.
Emotions and negative emotional reactions are dominant, and most of them are anger, sadness and fear.
Activities are characterized by actively exploring the surrounding environment and being willing to engage in sports games.
Impulse, lack of self-control over emotions and behaviors.
Socialize, actively contact and communicate with others.
There are three kinds. Thomas and Chase divided each dimension of temperament types into five types, namely rhythm type, adaptability type, avoidance type, typical emotional type type and reaction intensity type. These five dimensions are closely related to parent-child relationship, socialization and behavior problems. According to the different combinations of these dimensions, infant temperament can be divided into three typical types.
Easy to raise, difficult to raise and slow to develop.
The influence of infant temperament on early education is mainly reflected in the different adaptability and requirements of infants with different temperament types.
The influence of early education on infant temperament depends on the requirements of environmental education, and whether it conforms to and adapts to the temperament characteristics of infants. Foreign scholars put forward a "fitting optimization model" for early childhood education to describe the interaction between environmental factors and temperament.
(B) the development of basic emotions of infants
Emotion is the innate reaction ability of babies, and it is also the beginning of their socialization. Early infant emotion is a bio-social phenomenon.
First, the three stages of baby's interest development
1. Innate reflex reaction stage (from birth to 100 days or so)
2. Cognitive perception stage of similar objects (about half a year old)
3. The exploration stage of new things of the opposite sex (about one year old).
B, the baby's social smile
The appearance of social smile is the beginning of baby's emotional socialization, the basic means to communicate with people and attract adults' attention, and the bond of interpersonal communication. Baby's smile is a development process from biological meaning to social meaning, which is divided into three stages.
1. Spontaneous smile stage. This is a physiological reflex smile.
2. There is no social smile stage of choice. Can distinguish people from other non-social stimuli.
3. Selective social smile stage. Can distinguish the voices and faces of familiar people from strangers.
C, the baby's social crying.
Spontaneous crying, non-social crying
Responsive crying, crying with social communication nature
Active operational crying, crying with obvious social activities, such as injections, is related to pain and wearing a white coat.
Five reasons why babies cry (hunger, drowsiness, poor health, psychological discomfort and boredom).
D, separation anxiety
Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety refers to the panic and avoidance reaction when the baby leaves his mother and meets strangers and unfamiliar environment.
Separation anxiety goes through the following different stages:
1. In the initial stage, the baby at this stage cries, is sad, calls for mom, refuses strangers, and sends out painful help and angry protests.
2. The second stage. When no one cares, can't get rid of the strange environment and can't improve the predicament, the desire is hit, the disappointment is experienced in sadness, the crying is reduced, and the emotional indifference appears.
In the third stage, the helpless baby began to seek approachable strangers, showing a state that seemed to transcend the anxiety of separation and trying to adapt to the new environment.
The baby is in the stage of separation anxiety, which will affect both body and mind, sleep badly, be easily disturbed, have poor appetite and even have behavior problems. If this state is too heavy for too long, it will affect the development of baby's intelligence, personality and social adaptability.
E, the significance of emotion to the survival and development of infants
1. Emotion is the main psychological factor of infants' early adaptation to the environment.
Babies' needs for the environment are triggered by corresponding emotions. This kind of active emotional signal is an innate emotional perception ability and has a natural communication function.
Stimulate the interaction between mother and baby, good reaction and interaction, let the baby grow up healthily and develop psychologically, thus reflecting the adaptive value of emotions to the baby's survival and development.
2. Emotion is the driving force to activate children's psychological activities and behaviors.
Instinctive driving force, psychosocial driving force.
3. The social reference function of emotion
The social reference function of emotion refers to the signal function and interpersonal communication function of emotion. It is manifested in two aspects: one is the baby's identification of other people's emotions, and the other is how the baby uses these emotional information to guide his own behavior.
Social reference ability is of great significance to the development of infants;
A, let the baby interpret the psychological tendency of others through his own expression information, and decide his own behavior accordingly.
B makes the baby feel safe and helps to adjust his behavior.
C. promote the baby's exploration of new and different stimuli.
D. It helps the emotional communication between parents and children and enriches the baby's emotional world.
(C) the baby's sociality
Attachment is the initial social connection between the baby and the main caregiver (usually the mother), and it is also an important symbol of the emotional socialization of the baby.
1. Attachment development stage
The developmental psychology researcher (Balbi) divides the development process of infant attachment into the following four stages.
At the 1 stage, that is, the indifference social reaction stage, the baby makes a positive response to people indiscriminately and likes all people.
The second stage. There are different stages of social reaction, so people reflect it selectively.
The third stage. Special emotional connection stage
The fourth stage. The formation stage of reciprocal relationship, so I can regard my mother as a communication partner, adjust my attachment goal to my mother, understand why my mother needs to leave me, and believe that my mother loves me and will definitely come back, so I can accept my mother's temporary departure.
2. Types of infant attachment
Ainsworth divides the attachment of infants into three types by studying unfamiliar situations.
Safety accessories,
Avoidant attachment, it doesn't matter whether the mother is present or leaving, playing with herself and not forming a particularly close emotional connection with her mother, is called an unattached baby.
Rebellious attachment, this kind of baby is insecure, always wary of her mother's departure, and has extreme resistance to her mother's departure, which is very distressing. When her mother came back, she sought contact with her mother and resisted her comfort, showing a contradictory attitude. This type is also called ambivalent attachment.
3. The influence of early upbringing on attachment
【】 The significance of early social attachment: a, the influence on personality characteristics in the future; B, early social attachment type, affect the formation of individual internal work mode.
[] Three criteria to measure the parenting style of mothers in infancy
Reactivity, usually can correctly understand the meaning of the baby's signal, and can give positive answers and feedback.
Emotional, often through talking, laughing, caressing and other positive emotions. To meet the baby's pleasant needs.
Social stimulus
4. Baby's self-development
The development process of baby's self
Hart summarized all kinds of related research and put forward the development process of children's subject self and object self.
Subjective self-awareness: (8 months-1 year)
Eight months ago, the baby had no self-awareness. Around the age of one, the baby shows his cognition of the subject, mainly in two aspects: a, the baby regards himself as the subject of activities, and b, the baby can separate himself from others.
Against my self-awareness (about 2 years old)
About 2 years old, the baby shows self-awareness of objects, which is manifested in two aspects: a. The baby begins to recognize himself as an object (recognizing himself from photos and videos). B, you can use the personal pronouns you, me and him to address yourself and others. If you use me to express yourself.
The appearance of object self-consciousness is the first great leap in the development of individual self-consciousness.
Promote the healthy development of babies.
Parents are full of love for their children and give them a sense of security.
Always respond sensitively to children's needs and let them enjoy satisfaction.
Enthusiastically encourage children's progress and efforts, and let him experience a sense of accomplishment.
It can arrange and organize children's living environment reasonably, so that children can feel the regularity of the surrounding environment and the predictability of environmental changes, which is conducive to positive and healthy self-development.