A profound and lasting disaster. Statistics show that13 of the workers in the country are unemployed, and by 1933, all of them are unemployed.
China's business income has dropped to half of 1929, and the south is even worse, with the annual per capita income from 1929.
The lowest in China was 372 yuan in 2000, and 1932 dropped to 203 yuan. Since the First World War, the agricultural economy has developed rapidly.
I've been depressed, but I haven't improved. The Great Depression almost brought agriculture to a standstill. Occurred in +0930- 19 1 year.
The severity of the drought is rare in history, and the southern industry in the primary stage lags far behind the north.
Its industrial population only accounts for 15% of the total number of workers in China. Therefore, southerners are facing a more severe test.
Testing; The problems of poverty, race and class have not been solved, but have worsened.
At the height of the Great Depression, thousands of people in the south died of hunger, and thousands of people slept on the streets.
In street parks, food is found in garbage bins. The tenants who were driven out of the farm were crowded with containers.
Under the abandoned car shell, or anywhere where you can keep out the wind and cold, medical expenses are naturally the most expensive.
At the same time, it is also the easiest expense to cut, so life is sick and dead. A cage of fear and insecurity.
Covering the southern land, government subsidies, private donations, and local and state government welfare relief are like a drop in the bucket.
Car wages can't meet the needs of the poor who have multiplied. Hoover's helpless and exhausted attempt.
Figure by restricting foreign imports (Horry-smoot tariff law, 1930), and provide limited federal.
The relief fund (rebuilding financial cooperatives, 1932) stabilized the agricultural population, but it did not achieve any results.
1933, the lowest tide of the Great Depression, franklin roosevelt's New Deal has taken shape, although
The original intention was good, but the Roosevelt administration never got enough funds to implement the New Deal.
You see, the south accounts for 28% of the national population, but the total federal appropriation only accounts for 15.4%.
( 1937).
The racist policies pursued by governments at all levels in the south meant that the blacks in the south were the largest during the Great Depression.
Victims, the limited relief funds allocated by the government to the south first fell into the hands of whites. In the unchangeable competition,
Under the isolated social system, the southern white aristocrats must give priority to the hunger and suffering of white people. Some benefits
The organization simply rejected the application of black people. The Washington administration has never taken this situation seriously.
Workers are no better off than farmers. After all, the south is an agricultural area. 1929, southern industries.
Only 1, 338,000 workers. Workers work 72 hours a week, but their wages are higher than those in other parts of the United States.
40% lower. The main industry in the south is textile. Technically, it can be replaced by simple manual labor.
It is not difficult to change workers. Therefore, there are no trade union activities demanding higher wages, working hours and working conditions.
It worked. During the Great Depression, houses, schools, churches and governments were all owned or controlled by employers. they
Take cruel measures such as reducing wages, increasing production and extending working hours to exploit workers. Once the workers resist,
The result can only be dismissal.
In this way, workers can only obey, which is also the characteristic of southern industry in this period.
Only when the workers promise not to make trouble can our charity show sympathy for them. Workers only
Can get a little comfort from religion, family and the tight society in the south. For southern workers, this is great.
Depression is a chaotic and failed year of 10. It was not until 1939 that industrial employment opportunities recovered to the flowing water of 1929.
Ping.
The situation of farmers in the south is even worse. Under the special agricultural system, the land lease system was replaced after the civil war.
Slavery. Most southern farmers are tenant farmers. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Afghanistan
In cotton-producing states like La Palma and Georgia, 60% farmers cultivate land that does not belong to them.
People are over 80%. Cotton has become the driving force for leasing land. More than half of the farms in the south grow cotton.
Flowers. 1929, total cotton output14.096 million bales, and the cotton market is firm. But in the big one
During the Great Depression, the price of cotton fell to 4.6 cents per pound for the first time in history, and the total output was only 10.
6 13000 bales. In addition, farmers in the south are also suffering from the labor debt repayment system.
Southern landlords not only own land, but also set up shops in the countryside. If tenants want to rent land, they will.
You have to go to the store designated by the landlord to buy the required materials through credit, and the price and interest are surprisingly high.
During the Great Depression, some landlords even prohibited tenants from planting flowers and plants to ensure the purchasing power of their stores.
Forage. Some tenants managed to escape to Cleveland, Detroit or California, but there were still most of them.
Black or white people are burdened with heavy debts and trapped in the distorted legal system in the south.
The landlord class controlled the whole southern society. Political dominance is above legislators and law enforcers.
Above the tenant farmers. Tenants don't get the opportunity to receive education. They don't even know there is anything else in this world.
The Southern Church also sided with the landlords and encouraged the tenants to work hard and pay off their debts.
Service, but often forget to teach the land mainly in accordance with God's will to fulfill the responsibilities of the landlord. By 1935, South China
183 1475 The farm has implemented the land lease system.
In the cotton-producing areas in northeastern Arkansas, tenants organized the Southern Tenant Association, which advocated that
Non-violence, advocating racial mixing, they just want to be treated equally and abide by established laws. however
The landlord class put the peasant movement into practice through shooting, beating, kidnapping and kangaroo law.
Destroy in the bud. Although black and white tenant farmers also suffer from this evil system, race
The harsh reality of apartheid makes the situation of blacks worse. During the Great Depression, the most remarkable achievements of southern farmers
Perhaps it is the conquest of inhuman environment by human spirit. Tenants are more cruel than slaves.
Economic and cultural shackles, but it shows glorious courage and indomitable determination.
The Great Depression had a profound and multifaceted impact on life in the south. The economy of the South, the South and the Federation
The relationship between the government and the Democratic Party, as well as the social and racial relations in the south, has been very profound under the New Deal.
The lasting changes have also left a precious legacy to the modern culture in the south. -Franklin Ross
Fu took a series of measures to save the dying southern economy, in addition, he also took advantage of the opportunities provided by the Great Depression.
Will begin federally sponsored art experiments. From the winter of 1933 to 1934, the Federation will promote a temporary "public".
Career project plan ",trying to provide" suitable "jobs for writers and artists. 54438+0934, Finance.
The Ministry of Painting and Sculpture entrusts artists to draw works of art for public buildings, mainly murals for post offices.
The main measures of the New Deal to provide relief work for artists and develop culture should be implemented in 1935.
Project progress plan (WPA).
"Project progress plan" includes "federal writer project", "federal music project" and "federal
Drama project, federal art project and historical site exploration project. The main projects of these projects are
The purpose is to democratize American culture. During the Great Depression, people were generally interested in discovering and establishing independence.
Special American culture, which is a great encouragement to the federal art promotion project. These projects started from the beginning.
They face a basic problem, that is, the national culture they are trying to construct has obvious regional differences.
In 1930s, the main social phenomenon in America was localism, which was particularly prominent in the south.
Nashville has an agricultural egalitarian, Howard W.O., a sociologist at the University of North Carolina.
Dom. The local characteristics of the south also make the federal art promotion project get special development in the south.
The greatest influence on southern culture is the federal writer plan, and its outstanding achievement is the publication of state guides.
Table. The author tirelessly interviewed slaves before the civil war for 2000 times and accumulated a lot of treasures.
Your historical materials. Based on these materials, the writer wrote the pioneering work "Virginians" (1940).
This book and other works describing blacks published by the Federal Writers Project are more realistic representations of blacks.
Life, history and value sowed the seeds for the later black civil rights movement.
Another great contribution of the federal writers' plan to southern culture is to collect and publish descriptions of southern workers.
"Life stories" of people and farmers. W t Guan Qi edited an interview with workers and peasants, 1939.
Published on the topic "This is our life". This pioneering attempt marks the social history.
The clues made up at the same time turn the story of "ordinary people" into real literature. Benjamin Bow
Atkin also led writers to collect southern folk stories, many of which were published in the form of stories.
Such as many sparrows and other stories, God bless the devil, the liar's bench and Gan.
Boya: Louisiana folk stories, and so on. The federal writer program has trained a group of talents.
Among them, Rick Wright (1939) is particularly prominent. White is working for the Federal Writers Project.
At the same time, he wrote four stories and published them under the title of Uncle Tom's Children. He also won an award for this project.
He gave him 500 dollars to finish his masterpiece Native Son. The famous female writer eudora welty once wrote.
Participate in the federal writer project and interview and create in Mississippi; All the news photos she took were in it.
Published in the Mississippi Guide.
The purpose of the federal music project is to bring first-class orchestral music to the audience and provide unemployed music at the same time.
Home provides job opportunities. Musician Charles Siegel and writer Alan Lomax joined forces at the United Nations.
With the support of national projects, collecting southern folk songs into books is an important way to preserve southern cultural life.
Face has made an immortal contribution.
The federal drama program helps local amateur theater groups perform "short plays" in North Carolina and Florida.
Dramatic activities ",and successfully performed the historical drama" Lost Colony ". In the autumn of 2008+0936, they were in Bo.
Han Ming, Tampa and Miami staged sinclair lewis's "This can't happen here", but the play was in the new.
Orleans is banned. Thomas Hal Rogers' The Iron Altar caused a sensation when it premiered in Atlanta.
For a while.