China people are the nation with the most ancestral worship tradition in the world. In every family, there is often a place to worship the memorial tablet of the deceased ancestors. Therefore, in the old society, every family would have its own ancestral temple and give it a name. The purpose is to let future generations know the origin of their family, and remember the merits and demerits of their ancestors every time they mention their hall number. As the saying goes, a tree attracts the wind. With the transmission and reproduction of life, the family will continue to expand. As a result of expansion, some families moved from their ancestral homes to other places, started new inheritance, and formed new branches and new clans. These newly formed clans and branches often set up new ancestral halls to worship their closest ancestors. In this way, a ancestral hall will produce many new ancestral halls. Therefore, just as genealogy has genealogy and branch genealogy, ancestral halls also have general ancestral halls, branch ancestral halls and branch ancestral halls, which are called lobby ancestral halls and small ancestral halls. The hall number is not only used for ancestral halls, but also for genealogy, shops, study rooms, gift books and so on. It is also useful for household appliances, such as graffiti, pockets, wallets, lanterns, etc., to indicate surnames and nationalities. Anyone who values his surname and clan will never forget the surname handed down from generation to generation. Not only the Han nationality, but also many other ethnic minorities who moved to the mainland, such as Huyan (Taiyuan Hall) of Xiongnu, Ai (Xihetang) of Uighur and Zhou (Hanoi Hall) of prostrate, all accepted the Chinese culture after moving in, and some even took the county name of their birthplace or the allusions of their ancestors' achievements as their hall names.
XX hall. Lanterns and plaques with the words "XX Hall" are often hung in clan associations and fraternity associations with various surnames overseas. This is the number of the Great Hall of the People in China. Every surname, clan and family has always had its own hall number. Tang Hao has a long history and is widely used, which plays an important role in the patriarchal society in China. Functionally speaking, the significance of the name of a church mainly lies in distinguishing surnames and sects, persuading the good and punishing the evil, and educating the people. If a county is a sign of a higher level clan seeking roots, then the hall number is a sign of a lower level clan than the county hall. County looks can often be used as hall numbers, but hall numbers cannot be used as county looks. The hall number of a surname is much more than that of a county. There are only a few to dozens of county names, but there are often hundreds or even thousands of hall numbers. After the Song Dynasty, counties began to be unified and fixed, but with the development of clans, the number of churches continued to increase. Although there are many surnames, they are not randomly chosen. Every family's hall number often has its very profound meaning.
(A) the origin of the hall number
Hall name and county name are unique categories in China surname culture. This is also a concept that China people must be familiar with when searching for their roots and ancestors. In the past, there used to be a plaque above the main entrance of ancestral halls of various surnames in China, which read
XX hall. Lanterns and plaques with the words "XX Hall" are often hung in clan associations and fraternity associations with various surnames overseas. This is the number of the Great Hall of the People in China.
What's the hall number? Simply put, the hall number is the name and title of the ancestral hall. Ancestral Temple, also known as family ancestral temple, is a public place where China people worship their ancestors and hold clan affairs. China people are the nation with the most ancestral worship tradition in the world. In every family, there is often a place to worship the memorial tablet of the deceased ancestors. Therefore, in the old society, every family would have its own ancestral temple and give it a name. The purpose is to let future generations know the origin of their family, and remember the merits and demerits of their ancestors every time they mention their hall number.
Tang Hao is the product of a patriarchal society. In the traditional patriarchal society, it plays a very important role in promoting filial piety, enlightening future generations, inspiring people and maintaining the stability of family, clan and even the whole society. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the end of the traditional society in China, ancestral temples in Chinese mainland have either become history or cultural relics. Therefore, it is impossible to produce a new hall name, but the old hall name remains in the memory of people of all ethnic groups.
As the saying goes, a tree attracts the wind. With the transmission and reproduction of life, the family will continue to expand. As a result of expansion, some families moved from their ancestral homes to other places, started new inheritance, and formed new branches and new clans. These newly formed clans and branches often set up new ancestral halls to worship their closest ancestors. In this way, a ancestral hall will produce many new ancestral halls. Therefore, just as genealogy has genealogy and branch genealogy, ancestral halls also have general ancestral halls, branch ancestral halls and branch ancestral halls, which are called lobby ancestral halls and small ancestral halls.
The hall number is not only used for ancestral halls, but also for genealogy, shops, study rooms, gift books and so on. It is also useful for household appliances, such as graffiti, pockets, wallets, lanterns, etc., to indicate surnames and nationalities. Anyone who values his surname and clan will never forget the surname handed down from generation to generation. Not only the Han nationality, but also many other ethnic minorities who moved to the mainland, such as Huyan (Taiyuan Hall) of Xiongnu, Ai (Xihetang) of Uighur and Zhou (Hanoi Hall) of prostrate, all accepted the Chinese culture after moving in, and some even took the county name of their birthplace or the allusions of their ancestors' achievements as their hall names.
Every surname, clan and family has always had its own hall number. Tang Hao has a long history and is widely used, which plays an important role in the patriarchal society in China. Functionally speaking, the significance of the name of a church mainly lies in distinguishing surnames and sects, persuading the good and punishing the evil, and educating the people. If a county is a sign of a higher level clan seeking roots, then the hall number is a sign of a lower level clan than the county hall. County looks can often be used as hall numbers, but hall numbers cannot be used as county looks.
The hall number of a surname is much more than that of a county. There are only a few to dozens of county names, but there are often hundreds or even thousands of hall numbers. After the Song Dynasty, counties began to be unified and fixed, but with the development of clans, the number of churches continued to increase. Every family's hall number often has its very profound meaning. Although there are many surnames, they are not randomly chosen. In recent years, with the reform and opening up of China government and the rise of global Chinese root-seeking fever, many ancestral temples in Chinese mainland have been restored and their genealogy has been updated. Therefore, the hall number was changed again. However, today's Tang Hao no longer has the negative effect of clan, but only gives people the positive significance of seeking roots, remembering ancestors and inspiring future generations. In particular, Tang Hao will play a great role in promoting the centripetal force and cohesion of the Chinese nation, the great unity of the Chinese nation and the early realization of the great cause of reunification.
(two) the type and characteristics of the hall number
"Hall number" refers to the names of the hall and bedroom. In ancient times, people with the same surname lived together from generation to generation, or tribes and houses with the same surname lived together in a certain place or in several similar courtyards and houses, so the hall number became the common emblem of a certain nation. In order to offer sacrifices to their common ancestors, people with the same surname engrave the name of the hall on the plaques of their ancestral halls, so the name of the hall also contains the meaning of the name of the ancestral hall, which is a symbol to show the origin and lineage of a family, to distinguish between ethnic groups and tribes, to carry forward Zude and Dunzong Mother in family culture, and to show the consciousness of seeking roots and ancestor worship.
The hall number is not only written on the covers of houses, ancestral halls and genealogies, but also engraved on shops, shop names, study villas, collections, calligraphy and paintings, and daily necessities (such as cars, lanterns, wallets and household items) to distinguish surnames and serve as family symbols. It has profound cultural connotation and practical significance.
Hall number can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the hall number is related to the place where the surname occurs, or takes the birthplace or famous county of the surname as the hall number, also known as the "county number" or the general hall number. The birthplace of the same surname is different from that of the county, and there will be several county numbers. Such as Longxi, Zhaojun, Dunqiu, Bohai, Zhongshan, Jiangxia, Fanyang, Hanzhong, Daibei, Yoshida, Liucheng and other more than 30 surname counties (Wangwang). There are 38 Wangs in Taiyuan, Langya, Jingzhao, Yuancheng and Jixian. Zhang has more than 40 surnames including Qinghe, Fanyang, Taiyuan, Jingzhao, Nanyang, Zhongshan, Anding and Hanoi.
The narrow sense of the name of the hall, also known as the name of the independent hall, is often based on past virtues, achievements, titles, words or auspicious allusions in the same surname, except in the broad sense of counties, and its forms are various and countless. If each surname has a hall number, there are at least several thousand to ten thousand hall numbers in the country, which need to be developed, sorted out and included in the surname culture. According to the basis and intention of naming, hall names can be divided into the following ten types:
1. Name the hall number after blood.
In China surname culture, the first social mentality is to attach great importance to blood relationship. Not only the same surname uses the same hall number, but also different surnames related by blood will use the same hall number. For example, the famous "Liugui Hall" is the common name of the six surnames of Hong, Jiang, Wang, Gong, Weng and Fang in Fujian and Guangdong. According to documents, although the surnames of these six southern families are different, they are the same family as their ancestors, and they are all descendants of Weng.
2. Make a hall number with the name of this place.
Many clans like to take the place of birth as the hall number, and all surnames are the same. The hall number named after the regional concept is the most common, which is often related to the county name of each surname, that is, the county number or place name is used as the hall number. For example, Taiyuan Wang, Langya Wang, Jingzhao Wang, Anding Zhang and Hanoi Zhang are all examples. Another example is Zhuge family, who was born in Borg and yearned for Langya. It originated in Zhucheng, Shandong Province, and the Zhuge family spread all over the country in later generations. Most of them have used nirvana in fire's name for generations. In addition, there are Hai Tang, Chen Deying, Xu Donghai Tang, Ouyang Bohai Tang, Hu Yan's Taiyuan Tang and Lin's Xihe Tang. , all take Wang Di as the hall number, these hall numbers let people know where the family originated.
3. Take clan allusions as the hall number.
This method of taking the hall number is very popular and interesting among all surnames. A hall name is a very touching story. Of course, this story must be about his ancestors, not his character. Such as Sanhuaitang, Tangtang under Liu's name, Sanrang Tangtang under Wu's name, etc. These stories are often very instructive, which can make people remember their ancestors, inspire their fighting spirit and work hard.
4. Take the kind words and good behaviors of previous generations as the name of the hall.
China people are always proud of Jia, the ancestor of our ancestors, and they often name the hall after it, which will last forever. For example, Hongnong Yang's "Four Knowledge Hall" and "Innocent Hall" take the virtue of Yang Zhen, commander-in-chief of the Eastern Han Dynasty, as the name of the hall. According to documents, when Yang Zhen was appointed as the satrap of Donglai, he passed through Changyi, and the county magistrate Wang Mi asked for an audience late at night, bribing Yang Zhen with ten catties of gold. Yang Zhen sternly refused to say: As an old friend, I know you very well, but how can you not understand my personality? Wang Mi said: I came late at night, and no one knew about it. Yang Zhen replied: How can it be said that no one knows about this? If God knows, I know and I know? Wang Mi had to retreat in shame. Yang's descendants took "Four Intellectuals Hall" and "Innocent Hall" as hall names to show their respect and memory for Yang Zhen, the ancestor who refused to accept corruption and bribery. Fan's Maizhoutang is an allusion to Fan Zhongyan, a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty, who helped the poor. Fan Zhongyan once sent his son Ren Jun to Gusu to transport wheat and take a boat to Danyang. When Shi had no money to bury his relatives, he was given a wheat boat. Ren Jun told his father when he got home, which won the praise of Fan Zhongyan. Therefore, later generations took this as the code and "Maizhoutang" as the hall number.
5. Take the achievements and merits of ancestors as the hall number.
In the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation, various surnames have appeared in different historical periods, and a group of historical figures have made outstanding contributions and are famous in history. Later generations often use this as the name of the hall. For example, Ma Yuan, a famous soldier in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is famous for his outstanding military exploits, and "The Wrapped Body of Ma Ge" is a well-known historical allusion. Later, because of the title of general, a descendant of Ma took Tang as his name. Qu Yuan, a doctor of Chu, used to be a doctor, and Qu Shi took "San Lv Hall" as the hall number.
Another example is Tang Daizong's Guo Ziyi, who was named "King of Fenyang" because of the Pingan Anshi Rebellion. He has repeatedly made meritorious deeds and has been in office for more than 20 years. Later, descendants spread all over the country, mostly taking "Fenyang Hall" as the hall number. Today, the descendants of Guo at home and abroad are also proud of "".
6. Take the moral and ethical norms of ancestors as the hall number.
This method of taking the name of the hall is to take some words that educate people to persuade good and punish evil as the name of the ancestral hall. This kind of hall number is also common among surnames, and it is often shared by surnames. For example, Li's Dunlun Hall, Zhang's Hundred People Hall, Zhu's Training Hall, Wu Zhi Hall, Liu's Hundred People Hall, Zhu's Training Hall, Wu Zhi Hall, Liu's Chongde Hall, Zheng's Wu Ben Hall, Zhou's Zhongxin Hall and Cai's. As for "Dunhoutang", "Dunmutang" and "Jingbentong", almost all of them are surnames. Another example is Zhang Gongzhi, a longevity man in Yunzhou, Tang Dynasty, who lived with IX. During the Linde period, Tang Gaozong sacrificed to Mount Tai, passed through Yunzhou, went to his house and asked why he could live with IX and get along peacefully. Zhang Gongzhi wrote 100 words of "forbearance" on the paper, saying that the key lies in Pepsi's forbearance. So it is called "Bairentang". They all embody traditional ethics. This is common in the names of independent churches. Because the traditional ethics of China people are shared by the whole nation, not owned by one surname. Therefore, apart from the usual moral advocacy, this kind of hall name has no particularly profound meaning.
7. Take the elegance, integrity and name of the ancestors' lover as the hall number.
In feudal society, there were a group of talented and noble-minded literati, which were highly valued by the world. Its descendants are also proud of it. This kind of hall number is also common in all surnames, but it is relatively less than the previous ones. Its method is to take the title or residence of an ancestor with special significance as the ancestral hall of the family. For example, Fu Bo Hall in Ma Yuan, the descendant of General Fu Bo in Han Dynasty. Zhou Dunyi, a famous Neo-Confucianism scholar in the Song Dynasty, was elegant and loved the noble character of lotus. His residence was named "Hu Ailian Hall", which was later named after him. In the Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming refused to bow down for Wudoumi, so he resigned and returned to Li's side, giving him a "farewell speech" and clarifying his ambition. Because Tao Yuanming was named Mr. Wuliutang, later generations took Wuliutang as the name of the hall. Xiangshan Hall is a descendant of Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty. Another example is Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, who claimed to be a "violet layman", so the Li people have the name of "violet hall". Pingshan Hall is a descendant of Liu Zikai, a scholar in Song Dynasty.
8. Take good omen as the hall number.
The ancient people attached great importance to the auspicious symbol Zhao Rui, and often regarded it as a sign of good fortune, and often regarded it as the hall number of the clan. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Wang Youzeng planted three pagodas in the courtyard, saying that his descendants must be among the three officials (in ancient times, hundreds of officials attended the meeting, and the three officials stood opposite the locust tree, so the three pagodas symbolized the three officials), and his son Wang Yue was indeed among the prime ministers, and he was in power for more than ten years and was highly valued by the court. Later generations took "Sanhuaitang" as the name of the hall, and became a famous family of celebrities in China, ranking alongside the Wang clan in Taiyuan and the Wang clan in Langya.
9. Take the halls and villas of previous celebrities as hall numbers.
Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, lived in seclusion in Xiangshan, Luoyang in his later years and became a layman in Xiangshan. Later generations took "Xiangshan Hall" as its name. Another example is Pei Du, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. When the eunuch was in power, current affairs stopped, so he invited himself to leave, set up a villa in Wu Ge, Luoyang, set up a summer pavilion, planted thousands of flowers and trees, and named it "Green Field Hall". Pei's family is known as the "Green Field Hall".
10, with the imperial examination fame at home as the hall number.
In feudal society, a large number of talented people of noble families came forth in large numbers, and their themes were continuous, which was admired by the world, so they were named as the Tang name. For example, Lin Pi, a native of Quanzhou in the Tang Dynasty, had nine sons, and all the officials lived in the secretariat (commonly known as Zhou Mu). His family background is prominent and admired by the world, so Zhi Lin took "Nine Tom" as his Tang name. Another example is Xu Wei, a native of Linxiang in Song Dynasty, whose deeds are the highest filial piety. He lived in seclusion in Longtan Mountain and had eight sons, all of whom became famous later. People call it "Xu's Eight Dragons", and later generations take "Eight Dragons Hall" as the hall name.
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This kind of hall number is more common in all surnames. Such as Chengzhitang, Wubentang, Xiaositang, Xiaoyi Hall, Shigengtang, Du Xintang, Dunlun Hall and Keqin Hall.
12, with best wishes as the family name.
This hall number is also very common. Such as "Anletang", "Anqing Hall", "Rare Hall", "Blowing Rain Hall" and "Hou Kaitang".
13, with title, posthumous title or Jing Biao, Zan as the hall number.
This kind of hall number was granted, presented and displayed by the imperial court or local government in past dynasties. Such as Zhong Wu Tang, Zhong Min Tang, Xiao Jie Tang and Xiao Yi Tang.
In a word, surnamed tang, as the emblem and nickname of the family, not only has obvious regional characteristics and consanguinity connotation, but also has a strong feudal patriarchal color, which is not only a high-profile family name, but also a reflection of the social form at that time. It also has the social function of distinguishing clans, clans and kinship. Its emergence and development are mostly carried out at the same time as genealogy, ancestral hall, ancestor worship and clan fellowship activities.