1. The most abundant metal element in the earth's crust is aluminum.
2. Oxygen is the most abundant nonmetallic element in the earth's crust.
The most abundant substance in the air is nitrogen.
The hardest substance in nature is diamond.
5. The simplest organic matter is methane.
6. The most active metal in the metal activity sequence table is potassium.
7. The oxide with the smallest relative molecular mass is water. The simplest organic compound CH4
8. Under the same conditions, the gas with the lowest density is hydrogen.
9. The most conductive metal is silver.
10, and the atom with the smallest relative atomic mass is hydrogen.
1 1, and the metal with the smallest melting point is mercury.
12, the most abundant element in human body is oxygen.
13, the element that constitutes the most kinds of compounds is carbon.
14, the most widely used metal in daily life is iron.
Basic chemical concepts that need to be memorized before exams.
1. The three kinds of particles that make up matter are molecules, atoms and ions.
2. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon, which are usually used to reduce copper oxide.
3. As a fuel, hydrogen has three advantages: rich resources and high calorific value, and the product after combustion is water that does not pollute the environment.
There are generally three kinds of particles that make up atoms: protons, neutrons and electrons.
There are only three kinds of ferrous metals: iron, manganese and chromium.
6. Elements that make up a substance can be divided into three categories, namely (1) metallic elements, (2) nonmetallic elements and (3) rare gas elements.
7. There are three kinds of iron oxides, and their chemical formulas are (1)FeO, (2)Fe2O3 and (3) Fe3O4.
8. The characteristic of the solution is three (1) homogeneous; (2) stability; (3) mixture.
9. The chemical equation has three meanings: (1) indicates what substances participate in the reaction and what substances are generated as a result; (2) The particle number ratio of molecules or atoms between reactants and products; (3) Represents the mass ratio of each reactant and product.
Chemical equations have two principles: based on objective facts; Follow the law of conservation of mass.
10 pig iron is generally divided into white iron, gray iron and ductile iron. (×)
Carbon steel can be divided into three types: high carbon steel, medium carbon steel and low carbon steel. (×)
12. There are three kinds of iron ore commonly used in ironmaking: (1) hematite (mainly Fe2O3); (2) Magnetite (Fe3O4); (3) siderite (FeCO3).
There are mainly three kinds of steelmaking equipment: converter, electric furnace and open hearth furnace. (×)
14. The three reaction conditions that are often related to temperature are ignition, heating and high temperature.
15. There are two ways to change saturated solution into unsaturated solution: (1) heating, (2) adding solvent; There are three methods to change unsaturated solution into saturated solution: cooling, adding solute and evaporating solvent at constant temperature. (Note: For substances whose solubility decreases with temperature, such as calcium hydroxide solution changes from saturated solution to unsaturated solution: cool and add solvent; There are three ways to change unsaturated solution into saturated solution: raising temperature, adding solute and evaporating solvent at constant temperature.
16. There are generally three methods to collect gas: drainage, upward evacuation and downward evacuation.
17, three main causes of water pollution: (1) waste residue, waste gas and waste water in industrial production; (2) Discharging domestic sewage at will; (3) Pesticides and fertilizers used in agricultural production flow into rivers with rainwater.
18, there are three commonly used fire extinguishers: foam extinguisher; Dry powder fire extinguisher; Liquid carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.
19. The change of solubility of solid substances with temperature can be divided into three categories: (1) The solubility of most solid substances increases with the increase of temperature; (2) The solubility of a few substances is little affected by temperature; (3) The solubility of a few substances decreases with the increase of temperature.
20.CO2 can put out fires for three reasons: it can't burn, it can't help combustion, and its density is higher than that of air.
2 1, simple substances can be divided into three categories: metallic simple substances; Non-metallic simple substance; Simple substance of rare gas.
22. The three most important fossil fuels in the world today are coal, oil and natural gas.
23. The three black oxides that should be remembered are copper oxide, manganese dioxide and ferroferric oxide.
24. Hydrogen and carbon have three similar chemical properties: stability at room temperature, flammability and reducibility.
25. There are three times of light blue in the textbook: (1) liquid oxygen is light blue (2) sulfur burns in the air with a weak light blue flame (3) hydrogen burns in the air with a light blue flame.
26. Three blue colors related to copper: (1) copper sulfate crystal; (2) copper hydroxide precipitation; (3) copper sulfate solution.
27. The filtration operation has "triple inclination": (1) The lower end of the funnel is close to the inner wall of the beaker; (2) the end of the glass rod gently leans against the third layer of filter paper; (3) The edge of the beaker containing the liquid to be filtered is close to the glass frame for drainage.
28.Kipp generator consists of three parts: spherical funnel, container and airway.
29. The flame of alcohol lamp is divided into three parts: external flame, internal flame and flame core, of which the external flame has the highest temperature.
30. There are three noes in taking and using drugs: (1) Don't touch drugs with your hands; (2) Don't put your nose to the mouth of the container to smell the smell of gas; (3) Do not taste medicine.
3 1, write the colors and states of the following substances.
Bile alum (blue alum, copper sulfate pentahydrate CuSO4? 5H2O): blue solid
Basic copper carbonate (patina): green solid black solid: carbon powder, copper oxide, manganese dioxide and ferroferric oxide white solid: anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4), potassium chlorate, potassium chloride, magnesium oxide, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate and zinc sulfate.
Violet black: potassium permanganate light green solution: ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)
32. Combustible combustion conditions: Combustible is in contact with oxygen, and the temperature of combustible should reach the ignition point.
33. Gases containing diatomic molecules: H2, oxygen, N2, chlorine and F2.
34. Which part of the atomic structure determines the following points: ① The types of elements are determined by the number of protons,
② The classification of elements is determined by the outermost electron number; ③ The chemical properties of elements are determined by the number of electrons in the outermost layer; ④ The valence of elements is determined by the outermost electron number; ⑤ The relative atomic weight is determined by the number of protons+neutrons.
35. Organic compounds studied: CH4 (methane), C2H5OH (alcohol, ethanol), CH3OH (methanol), CH3COOH (acetic acid, acetic acid).
36, from the macro and micro understanding of the law of conservation of mass can be summarized as five invariants, two definite changes, a possible change:
(1) Five invariants: the species of elements and the total mass of reactants and products remain unchanged at the macro level, while the mass, species and quantity of atoms remain unchanged at the micro level;
(2) Two certain changes: recognizing that the types of substances must change from a macro perspective, and the types of molecules must change from a micro perspective;
(3) A possible change: the sum of molecules may change.
37. Two simple substances of carbon: graphite and diamond (formation reason: different arrangement of carbon atoms).
38. Write the chemical formulas of the following substances or main components.
Biogas: CH4, gas: CO, water gas: CO, H2, natural gas: CH4, alcohol: C2H5OH,
Acetic acid: CH3COOH, lime slurry, hydrated lime, limewater: Ca(OH)2, quicklime: CaO,
Marble, limestone: calcium carbonate, dry ice: carbon dioxide
abstract
First, the basic concept:
1, chemical change: change without the formation of new substances. Such as evaporation, volatilization, dissolution, deliquescence, etc.
Physical change: a change in the formation of new substances. Such as: combustion, rust, corruption, weathering, etc.
2. Simple substance: a pure substance composed of one element. Such as H2, oxygen, carbon, sulfur, iron, etc.
Compound: A pure substance composed of many elements. Such as H2O, carbon dioxide, potassium chloride, sulfuric acid, etc.
Oxide: A compound consisting of two elements, one of which is oxygen. Such as H2O, CO2, SO2, Fe2O3, etc.
Acid oxide: compound that reacts with alkali to form salt and water. Usually some nonmetallic oxides, such as CO2, SO2, SO3, etc.
Alkaline oxide: oxide that reacts with acid to form salt and water. Usually some metal oxides, such as CuO, MgO, Fe2O3, etc.
Acid: A compound consisting of H+ and acid radical ions. Such as HCl (hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) and HNO3 (nitric acid)
Alkali: A compound generally composed of metal ions and OH-. Such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3.
Salt: Generally, there are compounds composed of metal ions and acid ions.
There are three kinds of salt: (1) normal salt, such as NaCl, Na2CO3 and CuSO4 (2) acid salt, such as NaHSO4.
(3) Alkaline salts, such as Cu2(OH)2CO3.
3. Molecules: particles that maintain the chemical properties of substances.
Atom: the smallest particle in a chemical change.
Ion: charged atom or radical. Common atomic groups are: OH- (hydroxyl), NO3 (nitrate),
SO42—- (sulfate), CO32—- (carbonate), PO43—- (phosphate), NH4+ (ammonium)
Second, the chemical terms:
1, element symbol: Example H: hydrogen, which is also a hydrogen atom; 3H: stands for three hydrogen atoms.
2. Ion symbol: for example, hydrogen ion: H+ (note: 1 not written), magnesium ion: Mg2+ trisulfate ion: 3SO42-
3. Chemical formula: sodium carbonate: sodium carbonate calcium hydroxide: calcium hydroxide.
4. Ionization equation: Example HNO3 === H++NO3-
ca(OH)2 = = = Ca2 ++ 2OH-
na2co 3 = = = 2Na ++ CO32-
5. Chemical equation: (proficiency required)
Oxygen made in the laboratory:
Laboratory H2: zinc+sulfuric acid = = = zinc sulfate +H2 =
Laboratory CO2: CaCO3+2hcl = = = CaCl2+H2O+CO2 =
Test CO2: CO2+Ca (OH) 2 = = = CaCO3 ↓+H2O.
Test H2O H2O: cuso4+5h2o = = = cuso4? 5H2O (white and blue)
Copper hydrometallurgy: Fe+CuSO4 = = = Cu+FeSO4.
It is required to memorize the atomic sequence of (1) and1-18, and draw the structural diagram. (page 59)
(2) The valence of common elements. (page 63)
Three. Basic reaction type:
1, chemical reaction: a+b+... = = C.
2. Decomposition reaction: A == B+C+…
3. Displacement reaction: A+BC == B+AC.
(1), metal+acid = = = salt +H2
Reaction conditions: The metal must be the metal before "H" in the metal activity sequence table. Generally, dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid is used as the acid, and dilute nitric acid is not used.
(2), metal+salt = = = new metal+new salt
Reaction conditions: the topmost metal in the metal activity sequence table can replace the following metals (except K, Ca and Na).
Salt must be soluble.
4. Double decomposition reaction: AC+BD = = = AD+BC.
(1), acid+basic oxide = = = = salt+water.
(2), acid+alkali = = = salt+water
(3), acid+salt = = = new acid+new salt
(4), alkali+salt = = new alkali+new salt
(5), salt+salt = = = two new salts
Reaction conditions: when there is no acid in the reactant, it is required that the reactant is soluble, and when there is acid, it is required to be strong acid.
There must be precipitation, gas or water in the product.
Need to remember: (1), metal activity sequence table. (P 162)
(2) Solubility table of common acids, bases and salts. (P228)
Four, the knowledge of elemental compounds:
1. Common gases and their properties: H2, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane.
Flammability: H2, carbon monoxide, methane reducibility: H2, carbon monoxide toxicity: carbon monoxide.
Density is greater than air: O2 and CO2 are soluble in water: CO2 The simplest organic matter: CH4.
2. Common names of common substances:
Pure substances: CO2 (dry ice) C2H5OH (alcohol) CH3COOH (acetic acid) CaO (quicklime) Ca(OH)2 (hydrated lime) Na2CO3 (soda ash) NaOH (caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda) CuSO4? 5H2O (gallstone alum, blue alum)
Mixture: coal (C) natural gas, biogas (CH4) pig iron, steel (Fe) rust, hematite (Fe2O3).
Magnetite (Fe3O4) lime water, lime slurry [Ca(OH)2] limestone, marble (CaCO3) hydrochloric acid (HCl).
3. Substances that can react with water:
(1), most acidic oxides, such as CO2, SO2 and SO3, react with water to generate corresponding acids H2CO3, H2SO4 (sulfurous acid) and H2SO4.
(2) A few basic oxides, such as K2O, CaO and Na2O, react with water to generate corresponding alkalis KOH, Ca(OH)2 and NaOH.
(3) Some salts: (salts with crystalline hydrates) For example:
CuSO4 + 5H2O === CuSO4？ 5H2O
Na2CO3 + 10H2O === Na2CO3？ 10H2O
4. Characteristics of common acids, bases and salts:
Volatility: concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid water absorption: concentrated sulfuric acid, solid sodium hydroxide (deliquescence)
Dehydration: Toxicity of concentrated sulfuric acid: NaNO2 (sodium nitrite), CuSO4 (copper sulfate) CH3OH (methanol).
Exothermia in contact with water: concentrated sulfuric acid (when diluted), solid sodium hydroxide (when dissolved) and CaO (when reacted with water).
Purple litmus test solution colorless phenolphthalein test solution pH value
Acid red colorless pH
Neutral purple colorless pH =7
Alkaline blue-red pH value >; seven
Remarks: Salt is not necessarily neutral. For example, NaCl solution is neutral, but Na2CO3 solution is alkaline, while acidic salt solution of strong acid (such as NaHSO4) is acidic.
5. Main uses of common acids, bases and salts:
HCl, h2so 4- Used for metal derusting
NaOH- making soap and paper Al(OH)3- treating hyperacidity.
Ca(OH)2- Preparation of concrete, bleaching powder and pesticide Bordeaux solution; Improve acid soil, etc.
Cuso 4- preparation of pesticide Bordeaux solution na2co 3- preparation of detergent, steamed bread, etc.
CaCO3-Building materials, such as manufacturing cement.
6. Environmental pollution:
(1), air pollution:
There are two main types: A, harmful gases, such as SO2, NO2, CO, etc. Among them, CO mainly comes from automobile exhaust, while SO2 and NO2 are the main substances that form acid rain.
[Note: The increase of CO2 concentration in the air will lead to the greenhouse effect (P11); However, the emission of fluorine-containing substances will destroy the ozone layer and aggravate the ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surface (P 10). ]
B. Dust, such as dust and fly ash.
(2), water pollution:
Mainly from: a, a large number of industrial wastewater discharge;
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