In today's society, the question of what education is and how to define it has aroused people's extensive thinking. The following is an 800-word pedagogy paper I collected for you. Welcome to reading.

Characteristics and Enlightenment of Family Education in Han Dynasty

Abstract: Family education has been a hot topic for thousands of years. In different times, the content and emphasis of family education are different. As far as family education in Han Dynasty is concerned, it emphasizes parents' responsibilities and obligations and pays attention to family members' own moral cultivation and their positive influence on each other, which is very different from the family education concept of "filial son is born under a stick" in later generations, and also reflects the distinctive characteristics of the times in Han Dynasty.

[Keywords:] Han Dynasty; Family education; moral cultivation

Since ancient times, the family is the most basic unit of social composition, not only an important support for individual survival, but also an important element in social composition. Therefore, countless healthy and harmonious families will form a harmonious society, and good family education is an important guarantee for family harmony. Therefore, people have always attached importance to family education for thousands of years. However, in the past, many people thought that family education refers to the education of parents to their children. In fact, this view is not accurate. Although family education in different times has different characteristics and emphases, the commonness of family education is that not only parents educate their children, but also there are expectations and exhortations between husband and wife, there are examples and demonstrations between brothers and sisters, and there are also exhortations and communication between younger generations and elders. [1] In other words, family education includes not only parents' education on their children's studies and skills, but also moral cultivation education and mutual influence. In the early feudal society of China, represented by the Han Dynasty, the content of family education had distinct characteristics of the times. By combing and discussing the characteristics of family education in this period, we can find that the content of family education in Han Dynasty still has important reference value for today's family education.

First, blame is not the privilege of parents to educate their children.

The so-called punishment, refers to the rod or flogging. For thousands of years, "filial son under the stick" has been the most direct and effective idea and way for many parents to educate their children, and even regarded as the truth in family education. As the book "Historical Records" said: "Therefore, education should not be abolished at home, and punishment should not be donated to the country." In fact, in the whole Han Dynasty, parents rarely used whipping or flogging when educating their children. According to our statistics, the word "staff" appeared only 308 times in the first four histories, and the only matching nouns or terms are "giving several staff", "lowering staff", "beating staff" or "beating drums", and most of these words or terms do not belong to the category of parent education. Among them, there are only three cases in which parents use the responsibility of staff to educate their children. First, according to Chen Wannian's Biography of Son Xian in Han Dynasty, Chen Wannian hit him with a stick because his son Chen Xian was disobedient and "angry for 10,000 years and wanted to stick it". Secondly, according to the biography of Liu Pingchuan, Xue Bao's stepmother hates herself and blames her for living alone, but Xue Bao doesn't want to. Bao cried for a day and a night and couldn't go until he was beaten by European staff. Thirdly, according to the biography of Cui Lie in Han Dynasty, Cui Lie was annoyed by his son's attack on his behavior after spending money to buy an official, and "raised his staff to strike him". The only three situations mentioned above belong to the special situation in family education, and are not the normal educational behavior of parents to their children. Not only that, sometimes children make mistakes, and parents are angry that they have not fulfilled their educational responsibilities, but they have to blame themselves. According to "The Biography of Yu Chungong in the Later Han Dynasty", "It is not as good as the law to worship the dead, respect the orphans and raise the young, and impart knowledge. But to stand on your own feet with a stick, so that you can understand and repent. " When Uncle Gong Yu was educating his disobedient nephew, he not only blamed his nephew with a stick, but also blamed himself for dereliction of duty. As a result, my nephew was greatly moved, making him ashamed and consciously turning over a new leaf. Generally speaking, in the Han Dynasty, it was rare for parents to educate their children by the way of rod responsibility. On the contrary, we find that in the beating of officials or officials to officials or subordinates, it is more common to record the beating of staff frequently. From the point of view of psychological inertia, these situations reflect the superiority of imperial power, while parents rarely blame their children, reflecting the nature of parents caring for their children. At the same time, it shows that there is no so-called "domestic violence" in family education.

Second, family members pay attention to moral education and influence each other.

From a historical perspective, "family style" or "family style" is a relatively stable lifestyle gradually formed by family members in their long-term common life. It is the common wish of all parents to form a good "family style" or "family style" in daily life. However, the formation of good "family style" and "family style" depends on the moral quality and moral cultivation of all family members, and the so-called good family style or good family style is formed imperceptibly through the mutual influence of all members. Individual family education in Han Dynasty began to pay attention to the moral cultivation of family members and emphasized the importance of mutual influence. First of all, parents consciously pay attention to moral cultivation and influence their children. In the individual family education in the Han Dynasty, parents did not simply preach to their children, but paid attention to their own self-cultivation and set an example for their children. As the saying goes, "the father is unkind and the son is unfilial; Brothers are not friends, and brothers don't respect them; If the husband is unjust, the wife will be unhappy. " . Father is kind and rebellious, brother and friend are proud, and husband and wife are arrogant. Then the murderers in heaven were punished, not taken away by discipline. [2] Specifically, the role of parents' morality in family education in the Han Dynasty is reflected in the following aspects: First, children are required to be "virtuous" and frugal, and pay attention to the cultivation of spiritual beauty. According to Historical Records, the biography of Zheng Xuan in the later Han Dynasty records that Zheng Xuan advised his son Zheng to "seek the Tao" in his letter, and Cai Yong educated his daughter with "Women's Commandments": "... a man's face is ugly, and a fool calls it ugly; If the heart is not cultivated, the sage will call it evil. Fools are ugly and acceptable; Do saints call it evil? " Cai Yong asked her not only to pay attention to the daily gfd, but also not to ignore the spiritual and moral decoration. Second, parents adhere to moral standards and set an example for their children. According to the biography of zhang ze in the Later Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhan was "strict and humble, and restrained in his actions". Zhang Zhan is strict with himself, not only setting an example for his wife and children, but also "speaking seriously" when dealing with new difficulties. It was regarded as a model by the surrounding literati, and "the three assistants thought it was a device." The Biography of Han Tombs also records that Han Tombs and Liu Bang are very good friends. At the end of Qin dynasty, we began to fight separately. Later, the tomb surrendered to Liu Bang. In order to force the tomb to surrender to himself, Xiang Yu took the tomb mother as a hostage, "hoping to recruit the tomb", but the tomb mother quietly said to the Han envoy, "I would like to talk about the tomb for the old concubine and do good in Hanwang. Elder Hanwang, don't have second thoughts because of my old concubine. I sent messengers with my death. " The parents in the above-mentioned cases are all practical, using good moral principles such as "courtesy", "loyalty" and "righteousness" to give their children a great education and example in spirit. Secondly, children influence their parents with good moral character. Contrary to parents' emphasis on children's moral education, children can also influence or influence their parents with their good conduct.

According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty of Leyangzi, one day, another family's chicken came to Leyangzi's house, and her mother-in-law took it for herself and "stole it and ate it". Le Yangzi's wife "cried for the chicken without food" at the dinner table, and said that "she hurt herself and lived in poverty so that she could eat other meat". In other words, everyone blames themselves for not being able to make their family so poor, otherwise other people's chickens would not appear on the table. After listening to this, my mother-in-law was very ashamed and "abandoned it." "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Shu" also records that his father Quan Rou "wants to bring more than a thousand meters to Wu to make a deal." Son Quan Cong "all useless, empty-handed". When his father was furious, Quan Cong explained, "Fools are not in a hurry to go to the fair, and the literati are in trouble, so they give aid. Not as good as a newspaper. " It means that we are not in a hurry to buy things, but now even the literati have no food to eat, and saving lives is a top priority, so I will give rice relief to people who lack rice. In the end, Quan Rou was not angry because of his son's behavior, but thought Quan Cong had a bright future. In the above cases, Le Yangzi's wife and Quan Cong influenced their mother-in-law and father with noble conduct and urgent courage. This kind of example is particularly obvious in both the Han Dynasty and today's family education. Third, the younger generation can advise the older generation. In the Han dynasty, the younger generation's exhortation to the elders should also belong to the category of family education. And this kind of suggestion is often seen in the literature. According to "The History of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of Yang", "The stepmother was at odds with her ex-wife. When she was nine years old, she wanted to make love with her, but she didn't say anything. Mother knew her mind, but she changed her mind in fear. She was kind and considerate. Dr. Hou Bozhi Guanglu. " Yang Hou disapproved of her mother's unkindness to her half-brother, Bai Yang, and protested by hunger strike, which finally made her suddenly change her mind. Contemporary books and records also agree with and even encourage the suggestions of the younger generation. "The Book of Filial Piety" says: "If a scholar has friends, he should not leave his name; If the father has a son, he will not fall into injustice. " So some people think that advice is kind. As ministers and children, they can dissuade the monarch and parents when they are unjust, thus developing into good parents and safeguarding the interests of individuals and families. Moreover, admonition has certain resistance to ignorance, loyalty and filial piety, and has certain democracy [3]. Therefore, admonition is of positive significance not only in national governance, but also in family affairs and family education. Generally speaking, in the Han Dynasty, moral cultivation was an important part of family education. If parents are strict with themselves, they can set a good example for their children and establish a good family style. Conversely, children's good moral quality will also have a positive impact on their parents. To rise to the height of the country and society, moral education and moral education are the ideal pursuits of scholars in the Han Dynasty, and they are also weapons for their struggle with the rulers [4]. In a sense, family education in Han Dynasty had a great influence on promoting social development.

Third, parents attach importance to their children's academic education, and family studies are prevalent.

During the Han Dynasty, Confucian classics were very popular, especially after Dong Zhongshu's thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was recognized by the rulers, many Confucian scholars gained a good impression through Confucian classics and became public officials, thus improving their family prestige and status. As "History of the Scholars in Han Dynasty" said, "Since the public took Spring and Autumn as the prime minister, all the scholars in the world have become townships since the seal of Hou." In this case, the concept of "prospering the family through education" quickly became popular. Moreover, the number of people who specialize in teaching has also increased rapidly, and some of them focus on preaching and teaching their children or ethnic groups. The teaching role we are talking about here mainly refers to the internal members of the family (or family). In feudal times, fathers were the heads of families or clans, and they played a major role in family education [5]. In the ancient books of Han Dynasty, there are many records about family heirloom. For example, in "Hanshu Liu Xiangzi Liu Xin Chuan", "Liu Xiang's third son is eager to learn: the eldest son is educated by foreigners, and the official is the county guard; Neutron, Jiuqingcheng; The youngest son, Liu Xin, a doctor in middle school, moved to ride as a captain and became a doctor in the car. This is very lucky. After receiving five classics, my father died. " According to the biography of Han Wang Junchuan, Ji Wang and his son, "Ji is familiar with the Five Classics at the same time, and can teach The Spring and Autumn Annals of Qi State and The Analects of Confucius, which makes Zijun miserable. You regard filial piety as lang. Zuo Cao and Chen Xian recommended Jun Xian's father and son, and after that, they should show their vulgarity. " According to the Biography of Geng Yan in the Later Han Dynasty, Geng Yan's father Geng Kuang "learned from Mr. Anqiu Laozi" and "learned from his father". From the cited examples and documents, we find that in the Han Dynasty, most families' teaching and learning were influenced by their elders, not forced by their parents. At the same time, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, many families' children consciously inherited and carried forward their parents' studies, which is the so-called "inheritance from father". According to statistics, there are nearly 20 records in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty about the great influence of inheriting the father's business. As Mr. Lv Simian said: "It is said that all the schools of thought in the Han Dynasty failed." [6] This should be the most pertinent evaluation of the development of family education in Han Dynasty. The principle of education in Han Dynasty is "learning classics for use". During the Zhao and Zhao dynasties, the Confucian classics participated more in political activities and regime construction, and the role of Confucian classics in the process of governing the country was greatly enhanced. Parents encourage their children to learn classics, which has a lot to do with the official selection system in Han Dynasty. Objectively speaking, it is of positive significance for parents to encourage their children to pursue their careers through their own efforts, so as to achieve the goal of glorifying their ancestors. Therefore, in the family education in the Han Dynasty, as far as academic education is concerned, parents' planning and management of their children is appropriate, which also has a great influence on family education in later generations.

Fourthly, the characteristics of family education in Han dynasty and its enlightenment to current family education.

The characteristics of family education in Han Dynasty are the product of the social reality of that era. Although this product was produced more than two thousand years ago, its own positive factors played an important role in promoting social development and family stability at that time. Even today, more than two thousand years later, these positive factors still have important reference significance and important reference value and enlightenment for modern family education.

First of all, as far as the rights of parents in family education are concerned. For thousands of years, people have always thought that parents (especially fathers) are the masters of the family and their power is supreme. Children must unconditionally carry out their parents' decisions, otherwise they will be punished by family law. "A dutiful son is born under a stick" is the best interpretation. This view still exists more or less today. In fact, in the family education of Han Dynasty, parents' obligations and responsibilities were emphasized more, while power was secondary. In other words, parents have the right to participate in their children's moral cultivation, studies, and even job choice and spouse selection, but they are not forced to make decisions. Relatively speaking, with the rapid development in all aspects, the "hegemony" of parents still exists in many families. They wantonly interfere in all aspects of children, from the choice of primary schools to the choice of majors in universities, and even the choice of spouses. Parents' interference and power always flash everywhere, thus causing children's rebellion and resistance. To some extent, in modern family education and management, some parents' thoughts and understanding are far behind those of parents in Han Dynasty, which is also an urgent problem to be solved in modern family education.

Second, in children's education and career choice. For more than 2,000 years, the concept of "learning to be an excellent official" has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. With the prosperity of Confucian Classics in Han Dynasty, especially after the establishment of the "Five Classics Doctor", in family life, parents very much want their children to "learn Confucian Classics and become officials", but most parents create a more relaxed educational environment for their children. Although they very much hope that their children will embark on their official careers by learning Confucian classics, they will generally not be forced. In other words, whether young people embark on their careers by learning Confucian classics often depends on their hobbies or wishes, not on their parents' decisions, not on their parents' high pressure. Even in the family education of some Confucian classics masters, parents guide their children, not force them. In the individual family of Han Dynasty, it is common that the father is a Confucian scholar or an official and the children are engaged in other occupations. This kind of "democracy" in family education not only ensures the stability and harmony of the family, but also makes it easier for young people to develop their specialties and hobbies. Therefore, the enlightenment of this situation to modern family education should be more practical.

Third, in children's moral cultivation and edification. In the family education of Han Dynasty, the most obvious feature of moral cultivation is the exemplary role and mutual influence of parents. Parents in the Han Dynasty did not simply preach to their children, but emphasized the exemplary role of their own moral cultivation. In other words, on the one hand, parents require their children to be "virtuous" and frugal, and pay attention to the cultivation of spiritual beauty. At the same time, their words and deeds attach great importance to upholding moral standards and setting a good example for their children. Compared with parents' emphasis on children's moral education, children can also use their good moral character or behavior to influence or influence their parents' bad behavior. Sometimes, children can also influence their parents through persuasion or communication. The above situation is the best proof of the modern family education concept that "teaching by example is better than teaching by words". In modern family education, many parents' education on their children's moral cultivation stays at the level of "teaching by example", and many parents have not played an exemplary role, and the educational effect can be imagined. Although it cannot be emphasized that every parent should read the classics of the Han Dynasty, some typical examples still have high reference value. Generally speaking, although the characteristics of family education in Han Dynasty have the factors of the times, its universal significance can not be ignored.

The idea of ruling the world with filial piety by the rulers of the Han Dynasty had an important influence on the middle and lower class individual families. Reflected in family education affairs, although parents have high authority, they attach great importance to their role models and demonstration when educating their children. At the same time, family members pay attention to strengthening moral cultivation and have a positive influence on each other, which is the mainstream of family education at that time. Some scholars used to think that "parents control their children's right to education and career choice." Parents not only have the right to educate their children according to their own values and subjective intentions, but also have the right to choose teachers and careers for their children regardless of their personal needs and wishes. " [7] This view should be aimed at the family education of later generations, not applicable to the Han Dynasty. Because in the Han dynasty, the absolute authority of parents in family affairs was not fully established, and more emphasis was placed on parents' responsibilities and obligations. In addition, there were many "democratic" elements in family education at that time. These "democratic" elements are of great reference value to modern family education.

[References]

[1] Fan Xiru. Research on Family Education in Han Dynasty [D]. Baoding: Master's Degree Thesis of Hebei University, 2006:5- 13.

[2] Wang sharp weapon. A collection of Yan's family instructions. Manage the family [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 20 10:40.

[3] Mei, Zhang. A Study of Family Ethics in the Book of Filial Piety [J]. Xue Hai, 2000 (5): 16- 120.

[4] Wang. The relationship between prose style and Confucian classics in Han Dynasty [J]. Journal of Taian Teachers College, 1999(5):28-29.

[5] Cao Jianping. Family education in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [J]. Journal of Xiangtan Teachers College,1998 (2):104-106.

[6] Lv Simian. History of Qin and Han Dynasties [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983:686.

[7] Wang Yubo. China's ancient homeland [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1995:36.

;