Ning political reform was initiated by Wang Anshi, also known as Wang Anshi's political reform. Refers to a reform initiated by Wang Anshi, the minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, aiming at reforming the disadvantages accumulated since the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty. Although the idea of the new law is good, it fails to deal with the specific implementation and the relationship with opponents, so it has been fighting against opponents repeatedly for a long time, even in the position of criticism, but some specific measures have been retained.
background
After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the number of government officials kept expanding and soared. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong in Jingdezhen (1004- 1007), there were more than 10,000 internal and external officials, and during the reign of Emperor Renzong (1049- 1053), there were more than 20,000 officials, "ten times higher than at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic". Conservatism prevailed, so we had to compromise with the big landlords, and land annexation became more and more serious. Land annexation forced farmers to transfer to the army, which led to a sharp increase in the number of troops. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, military and political personnel were given great privileges, and they could be exempted from customs duties and taxes. Externally, in the wars against Liao and Xixia countries, the number of troops in Ren Zongqing over the years (104 1- 1048) was1259,000, which increased the military expenditure. "The cost of raising soldiers is 78% of the world." [2] The lack of specialized soldiers and military discipline makes Song Jun seriously lack of training. All day long, "the game is between the cities, painting is the industry, and the clothes are not like the soldiers" [3], "the guards are not self-sustaining, so that people can hold them; Soldiers are forbidden to buy food without paying. " [4]。 In the second year of Yingzong (1065), the annual income reached1.161300 million, while the official and military expenses reached1203.4 million, which obviously made ends meet. It made the treasury of the Northern Song Dynasty empty and the people's life pressure heavier. During the Zhenzong period, Li Shun and Changyu led the Yizhou Uprising. After that, small-scale peasant uprisings broke out constantly. A fire (gang) is better than a fire.
In the first year of Xi Ning (1068), Song Shenzong, who had just acceded to the throne, asked Wang Anshi, "What should be the first way to govern the country today?" Wang Anshi replied: "From the choice of surgery." [7] In the second year of Xining (1069), Song Shenzong asked Wang Anshi, "I don't know what your setting is, what is the first?" Wang Anshi replied: "It is urgent to legislate to change customs. Anyone who wants beautiful customs, in the long gentleman, eliminate the villain, with courtesy, justice and shame from the gentleman ... "[8] In February of the same year, Wang Anshi began to implement the new law and adopted a series of reform measures. Fan Zhen, an Hanlin scholar, thinks that the implementation of "Young Crop Law" is to become rich and take more and less, but "taking less and taking more is still fifty steps and a hundred steps". In July and August, Fan Chunren wrote to the emperor, publicly accusing Anshi of "taking advantage" and giving up "knowing Yao and Shun to protect the people". In the proposal, Cheng Lu wrote to Wang Anshi and said, "Sure! Once Song Shenzong and Wen Yanbo discussed the matter of political reform, Zong Shen said: "If the legal system is strengthened, how unhappy the literati are, why are the people inconvenient?" Wen Yanbo said: "Rule the world by literature, not by the people. "In the second year, Sima Guang wrote three long letters to Wang Anshi-a letter with Wang, accusing Wang Anshi of" making money and grain interests autonomous without appointing three divisions, and setting up three divisions to adjust the interests ","promoting Changping Guanghuicang as an envoy "and" taking this as a political policy, changing the old laws of our ancestors, first, then, next, the winner will be destroyed. ..... ","I just took charge of the government today, and I set up the Law Department first to talk about money and profit. I also ordered Xue to lose money in jianghuai, in order to seize the interests of merchants. I also sent envoys to spread young crops everywhere and collect their interest, which made people sad. Your son didn't meet, and his brother and wife separated. ..... ","or see a little different, make the new order easier, just add anger, or insult it, or say it one by one, don't wait for it to finish. The wise Lord was so tolerant, but Fu Jie refused to protest. Nothing is not enough to forgive! " ; List all kinds of disadvantages of the implementation of the new law, such as "invading officials", "insurrection", "levying profits", "refusing to remonstrate" and "provoking anger", and ask Wang Anshi to abandon the new law and restore the old system. Wang Anshi wrote a reply to Sima's suggestion: "If I really blame myself for being in office for a long time and failing to help the people, then someone will know the crime. If you say that you should do nothing today, just do what you did before, it is beyond anyone's knowledge. " Later, the two men broke up completely, and Sima Guang resigned as emperor, and concentrated on writing "A Mirror with Resources" in Luoyang.
Specific content
In February (1069), the second year of Zong Shenxi Ning, Wang Anshi was appointed as a political commissar and set up a "three-department planning department" to discuss the new law; In April, he sent, Xie, Hou, Cheng Hao, Liu Bing, Zeng Heng, and others to inspect fields, control water and check taxes. In July, Zhejiang Liu Hu Road "Equal Loss Method" was established; In September, the Young Crop Law was established; 1 1 month, the treaty on farmland water conservancy was promulgated. The breakdown is as follows:
economic aspect
Department of laws and regulations of the third manufacturing department
In February of the first year of Zongshen Xining (1068), the "Third Division Regulations Division" was established, which was the first institution established by Wang Anshi to promote political reform. It turns out that the finance of the Song Dynasty was controlled by the Third Division. Wang Anshi set up the Law Department of the Third Division as the superior organization of the Third Division to coordinate finance, which was the highest financial organ at that time. This institution not only studied the reform plan, planned the financial reform, but also formulated the first division of the country.
Equal loss method
The equal loss method has a long history and was tried out as early as Sang Hongyang in the Western Han Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty, all counties set up equal-loss officials to achieve the goal of "spending less on the people". In July (1069), in order to supply the consumption of the royal family and officials in Beijing and avoid the accumulation of merchants, six maritime ambassadors were set up in Huai, Zhejiang, Jiang and Shanghai. According to the principle of "moving expensive to cheap, using near to distant" and "changing from convenient to easy to buy, waiting for orders", they were responsible for supervising the transportation of goods in various places, aiming at saving labor costs and collecting taxes.
Young crop method
In the second year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1069), the young crops law was implemented, which stipulated that every household in every state and county could borrow cash (young crops money) or grain from the local government to subsidize farming (similar to modern farmers' loans) before harvesting in summer and autumn every year.
Farmland water conservancy law
It is stipulated that all localities should build water conservancy projects, and the labor materials should be distributed by local residents according to the height of each household. As long as we can't rely on the people to build, we can borrow the insufficient part from the government and earn a penny. If one state and one county are not competent, several states and counties can be jointly responsible. (Similar to local taxes, but specially used for water conservancy)
Financing mode
Also known as the "Exemption from Service Law", it was drafted by Sinong Temple in December of the third year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1070), and was tried out in Kaifeng, and was promulgated and implemented nationwide in October of the same year. The exemption law abolished the original method of taking turns as county officials by households, and changed it to hire people at the county government's own expense. The expenses required by the employees are shared by the family. Women households and temples that didn't have to take up their duties before have to pay half of the service money, which is called "service money" (full-time civil service system).
Square field average tax law
In August of the fourth year of Zong Shenxi Ning (107 1), Sinong Temple formulated the Treaty of Equal Tax on Land and Mu, which was divided into two parts: land and equal tax. "Tian Fang" is a land survey held by the county magistrate every September, which is divided into five grades according to the fertility of the soil. "Equal tax" is to formulate tax amount (similar to land tax) according to the calculation results of "Tianfang".
Yi Shi Football Association
In March of five years (1072), Zongshen Xining promulgated the Urban Easy Law. The government invested1100,000 yuan to set up a "Yi Shi House" (Yi Shi Division) in Kaifeng, to buy vendors' unsalable goods at a fair price, and then sell them when the market is out of stock. At the same time, loans are issued to vendors, with property as collateral, and more than five people are mutually insured, and interest is paid at two points per year. Used to achieve "each takes what he needs, the power is high or low, and the price is flat, so the merger is also suppressed." (similar to a mixture of official warehouses and modern commercial banks).
Military aspects
Jiabao method
In the third year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1070), Sinong Temple formulated the Garbo Regulations of Jixian County. Every five groups of rural families have one guarantee, five guarantees and one guarantee, and ten guarantees and one guarantee. Where there are more than two farmers, choose one person to work in Baoding, where he usually cultivates, receives military training in his spare time and enlists in the army in wartime. Take the richest person in the family as the chief, the chief, the chief. This system is used to prevent farmers from resisting and save military expenses, which is equivalent to the modern militia system.
Cutting art
Rectify the Xiang army and the imperial army: stipulate that soldiers must retire after the age of 50. In the trial, those who failed the imperial army were changed to Xiang army, and those who failed Xiang army were changed to citizens.
Method of setting up generals
Abolish the garrison law enacted in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty. By means of gradual promotion, the garrisons of various roads are divided into several units, and each post is equipped with a lieutenant, who is responsible for training the army and improving its quality (similar to the modern petty officer system).
Horse protection law
At the time of Zongshen, there were only150,000 horses in the Song Dynasty, and the government encouraged the people in the northwest frontier to raise official horses on their behalf. Whoever wants to keep horses will be supplied by the government, or the government will pay the people to buy them, one for each household and two for the rich. If a horse falls ill and dies, it will be responsible for compensation. However, when a plague is prevalent, many horses are killed, which will only increase people's anxiety. It was soon abolished and turned to the system of people grazing.
Military equipment supervision law
In the sixth year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1073), the exemption law was promulgated in July. In August, a military equipment supervisor was set up to supervise weapons manufacturing; And recruit craftsmen to improve weapons (professional arsenal centralized production).
Education aspect
Imperial College London three-shed method
I hope to replace the imperial examination with the daily examination of the school and select real talents. "Three-shed method", that is, imperial academy is divided into three classes: outer shed, inner shed and upper shed. "The first class is an official, the middle class is exempt from the examination of the Ministry of Rites, and the lower class is exempt from the solution." Later, local official schools also implemented this method, which reflected the characteristics of the class teaching system.
Palace drama method
Wang Anshi believes that "if you want morality, you need to build a school. If you want to build a school, the law of tribute cannot be changed." Reform the tribute law, abolish the Ming Sutra (that is, the principle of rote memorization), and save the Jinshi. In March of the third year of Zong Xining (1070), he was a scholar in palace examination, giving up the three subjects of poetry, fu and theory, and trying current politics instead. In the fourth year of Zong Xining (107 1), in February, a new tribute system was promulgated, and the Ming Classics were abolished, so that Jinshi was selected by Jinshi Branch. There is also a "Faminco".
[Edit] Implementation Effect
Wang Anshi's political reform has a positive effect on increasing national income, but Wang Anshi was eager for success and pushed it too hard, and his advantages and disadvantages were mutually seen, which was opposed by many conservative officials. Wang Anshi thinks too highly of himself and is unwilling to accept other people's opinions. Wei Jizong, a civilian who advocated "changing the city into law", "blamed himself, saying that the Lord changed hands and destroyed the solid grams. It was better to discuss it at first, and the people in the city could not bear their grievances."
Han Qi said in the third year of Zongshen Xi Ning (1070) that "although I am in charge of the planning department of the three departments, it is the place where the final decision is made". "Those who don't know the book and the Privy Council and don't obey the imperial edict can directly execute it, so there are Chinese books besides Chinese books."
In the sixth year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1073), Xia Zheng drew a map of refugees in the drought. In the picture, the refugees either locked themselves up or ate grass roots and told the emperor that the drought was caused by Wang Anshi. Zongshen was greatly stimulated and had great doubts about the political reform. Wang Anshi believed that "frequent floods and droughts were inevitable for Yao and Tang dynasties", and Sima Guang also published that "the court should declare its deformation".
In the seventh year of Xining (1074), Wang Anshi went on strike for the first time, which was known to jiangning house. The political reform movement was continued by Han Jiang, Lv Huiqing and others, while Lv Huiqing devoted himself to his own use, which caused dissatisfaction among the DPRK ministers.
In February of the eighth year of Xining (1075), Wang Anshi was recalled to Beijing to resume his post and continue to implement the new law. On the way to Beijing, Wang Anshi spent the night in Guazhou and wrote a poem: "Guazhou at the mouth of Beijing is separated by several mountains. The spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan. When will the bright moon shine on me? " In November of the same year, there was a comet in Wang Anshi's sky. Empress Dowager Cao and Empress Dowager Gao cried and advised the emperor not to use Wang Anshi.
In the ninth year of Xining (1076), Wang Anshi's beloved son Wang Kan died of illness. Wang Anshi asked to retire from Jinling, concentrate on his studies and stay away from the world.